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1.5 Periodic Table: History & Trends
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During the nineteenth century, chemists began to categorize the elements according to similarities in their physical and chemical properties. The end result of these studies was our modern periodic table.
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Johann Dobereiner In 1829, he classified some elements into groups of three based upon their similar chemical and physical properties. Chlorine, bromine & iodine Calcium, strontium & barium The groups were called “triads” and resulted in the Law of Triads Li Ca Cl Na Sr Br K Ba I
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John Newlands In 1863, many more elements had been discovered.
He suggested that elements be arranged in groups of eight or “octaves”. He noted that after arranging elements by increasing atomic mass, that certain properties repeated every 8th element. He called this the “Law of octaves”. His contemporaries put little faith in his theory and rejected his work’s publication.
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Dmitri Mendeleev Lothar Meyer
In 1869 he published a table that placed the elements in order of increasing atomic mass. Lothar Meyer He also published a table of elements organized by increasing atomic mass
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Known elements at this time
Li Be B C N O F Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn As Se Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd Sn Sb Te I Ba Ta W Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Ce Pr Dy Er Pa Np
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Mendeleev and Meyer both arranged the elements by increasing atomic mass and left spaces where unknown elements might fit. Mendeleev however, stated that if the mass of an element caused it to be placed in the wrong group then the atomic mass must be wrong. He corrected the atomic masses of Be, In and U. He was so confident in his table that he predicted the physical properties of three yet unknown elements.
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H Li Be B C N O F Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd Sn Sb Te I Ba Ta W Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Ce Pr Dy Er Pa Np After the discovery of these three elements and the accuracy of Mendeleev’s predictions his Table was widely accepted.
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Some elements are out of order when arranged by atomic mass.
In spite of the success with Mendeleev’s periodic table, problems arose when more elements and more accurate atomic masses were discovered. Some elements are out of order when arranged by atomic mass. Ar and K Co and Ni Te and I Th and Pa
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Henry Moseley Through his work with X-rays, he was able to determine the actual nuclear charge or atomic number of the elements. He then arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic number.
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Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
Moseley’s Periodic Table Mendeleev’s Periodic Table H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Ni Co Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Pa Th U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Note – Moseley was killed by a sniper at Gallipoli in WWI at age 28. Because of this, Britain restricted scientists to non-combatant duties in WWII.
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Glenn T. Seaborg After the discovery of 10 new elements in 1944 he moved 14 elements out of the main body of the periodic table to their current location below the Lanthanide series. These became known as the Actinide series. La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
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Glenn T. Seaborg He is the only person to have an element named after him while still alive. He claimed this honour was even better than receiving the Nobel Prize.
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Periodic Table Terminology
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Horizontal rows are called Periods.
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Periodic Table Terminology
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Vertical rows are called Groups or Families and have similar physical and chemical properties.
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Periodic Law When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic pattern in their physical and chemical properties. This pattern results in recognized families or groups of elements.
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Alkali Metals H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
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Alkali Metals Soft silver-coloured elements Solid at room temperature
Metallic properties React violently with water to make Hydrogen gas React with halogens easily
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Alkaline Earth Metals H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
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Alkaline Earth Metals Light Very reactive metals Metallic properties
React with oxygen to create oxides React with hydrogen to form hydrides (except Be)
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Transition Metals H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
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Transition Metals Have a range of chemical and physical properties
Strong, hard metals High melting point Good conductors Variable reactivity Form multivalent ions React with oxygen to form oxides Brightly coloured
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Inner Transition Metals
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Lanthanide Series and Actinide Series These are also known as the Rare Earth Elements
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Inner Transition Metals
Rare Often unstable Mostly radioactive
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Halogens H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
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Halogens Come in many states Non-metallic properties Non-lustrous
Non-conductors Extremely reactive React easily with hydrogen and non-metals
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Noble Gases H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
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Noble Gases Gases at room temperature Low melting points Unreactive
Radon (Rn) is radioactive
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Metals H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
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Non-metals H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
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Metalloids H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
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