13. References: What is the connection between VTE and active cancer?
1. Khorana AA, Francis CW, Culakova E et al. Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death in cancer patients receiving outpatient chemotherapy. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Mar 1;5(3):632-4.
2. Levitan N, Dowlati A, Remick SC et al. Rates of initial and recurrent thromboembolic disease among patients with malignancy versus those without malignancy. Risk analysis using Medicare claims data. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999;78:
3. Heit JA. Cancer Control 2005;12(Suppl 1):5–10.
4. Lipp R, Feuerbach M, Freigang F et al. Economic burden of cancer associated thrombosis in Germany - Findings and extrapolations (1037P). European Society of Medical Oncology. Copenhagen, Denmark, 2016.
5. Prandoni P. The Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol - Advances in Internal Medicine (2017) 1:
6. Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Piccioli A, et al. Blood Nov 15;100(10):
Active Cancer:
1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Venous thromboembolic diseases: diagnosis, management and thrombophilia testing 2012; NICE guideline CG144.
Thrombosis together with infections is the second-leading cause of death in cancer patients:
2. Trujillo-Santos J, Martos FM, Font C, et al. Analysis of clinical factors affecting the rates of fatal pulmonary embolism and bleeding in cancer patients with venous thromboembolism. Heliyon Jan 1;3(1):e00229.
3. Cancer-Associated Thrombosis (CAT ), a neglected cause of Cancer Death: actions needed to increase health outcomes and reduce mortality. Report summarising the findings of an Expert Steering Group meeting in Belgium.
Most frequent causes of death in patients initially presenting with PE:
1. Trujillo-Santos J, Martos FM, Font C et al. Analysis of clinical factors affecting the rates of fatal pulmonary embolism and bleeding in cancer patients with venous thromboembolism. Heliyon 2017 Jan 1;3(1):e00229.

14. References: How does advanced cancer affect CAT treatment outcomes?
1. Levitan N, Dowlati A, Remick SC et al. Rates of initial and recurrent thromboembolic disease among patients with malignancy versus those without malignancy. Risk analysis using Medicare claims data. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999;78:
2. Diez de los Rios de la Serna C, Richardson A, Lennan E (2017) Adherence to low molecular weight heparin treatment by patients with cancer who develop VTE. Cancer Nursing Practice. 16, 4, Date of submission: 17 November 2016; date of acceptance: 10 March 2017.
Survival rate is lower when cancer patients also experience VTE:
Cancer biology: Extrinsic factors
1. Heit JA. Cancer Control 2005;12(Suppl 1):5–10.
2. Young A, Chapman O, Connor C, et al. Thrombosis and cancer. Nature reviews Clinical oncology Aug;9(8):437.
What is the added cost of CAT per patient, on top of cancer?
1. Lipp R, Feuerbach M, Freigang F, et al. Economic burden of cancer associated thrombosis in Germany - Findings and extrapolations (1037P). European Society of Medical Oncology. Copenhagen, Denmark, 2016
VTE adds complexity to cancer patient management
1. P. Prandoni. The Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol - Advances in Internal Medicine (2017) 1: 123–135
2. Voigtlaender M, Langer F. Direct oral anticoagulants for the treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism. Hämostaseologie 2017; 37:
CAT management is different from classic VTE management
1. Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Piccioli A, et al. Recurrent venous thromboembolism and bleeding complications during anticoagulant treatment in patients with cancer and venous thrombosis. Blood Nov 15;100(10):