1. Refining the Ammonia Hypothesis
Elliot B. Tapper, MD, Z. Gordon Jiang, MD, PhD, Vilas R. Patwardhan, MD 
Mayo Clinic Proceedings 
Volume 90, Issue 5, Pages (May 2015)
DOI: /j.mayocp
Copyright © 2015 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
The neuropathology of hepatic encephalopathy reflects the interplay of ammonia, glutamine, and inflammation. GABA-A = γ-aminobutyric acid type A; NMDA = N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor.
Mayo Clinic Proceedings  , DOI: ( /j.mayocp )
Copyright © 2015 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Sources of hyperammonemia and ammonia toxicity: multiorgan mechanisms.
Mayo Clinic Proceedings  , DOI: ( /j.mayocp )
Copyright © 2015 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
Target-based treatment of hepatic encephalopathy suggested by a refined ammonia hypothesis. TIPS = transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.
Mayo Clinic Proceedings  , DOI: ( /j.mayocp )
Copyright © 2015 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
A physiology-driven protocol for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. BID = twice daily; q2 - q4 = every 2-4 hours; TID = 3 times daily; TIPS = transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.
Mayo Clinic Proceedings  , DOI: ( /j.mayocp )
Copyright © 2015 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions