1. Chapter 11 Section 1 The Scramble for Africa
Objective: Explain how & why most of Africa was divided among European powers
Vocabulary: Imperialism, Racism, Social Darwinism, Berlin Conference, Shaka, Boer, & Boer War
Give an example of when people have tried to dominate someone younger, smaller, or weaker.
How did they assert their power?

2. Setting the Stage
Industrialization stirred ambitions within most European nations
They wanted resources to fuel their industrial production
European nations looked to Africa as a source of raw materials & as a market for industrial products
Imperialism: policy which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, & socially
What would be some things they would need to help them industrialize?

3. Check for Understanding
What are some examples of raw materials that they needed during the Industrial Revolution?
Sentence Starter: Some examples of raw materials needed during the Industrial Revolution are ___.

4. Africa Before European Domination
Prior to imperialism, Africa was divided into hundreds of ethnic & linguistic groups
Politically they ranged from large empires to independent villages
Europeans controlled only 10% of the continent, mainly along the coast in the 1880s
Europeans had a difficult time navigating African rivers while disease also discouraged European exploration
Religiously most practiced traditional beliefs while others converted to Islam or Christianity
The steamboat allowed them to navigate the rapids & changing flows of Africa’s rivers
What invention from the Industrial Revolution helped Europeans deal with diseases? Who came up with that invention?

5. Nations Compete for Overseas Empires
The first Europeans who explored the interior of Africa were explorers, missionaries, or humanitarians
Humanitarians opposed the European & American slave trade
People began to learn about Africa through published stories in travel books & newspapers
What role do you think missionaries had in Africa?

6. The Congo Sparks Interest
The Congo became interesting due the David Livingstone story
Henry Stanley’s explorations sparked the interest of King Leopold II of Belgium
Stanley had local chiefs sign treaties giving King Leopold II control of the Congo
King Leopold II of Belgium “claimed” his motive was to abolish the slave trade & promote Christianity
Leopold however, exploited the region for their rubber plants resulting in the death of 10 million Congolese
David Livingstone was a missionary who traveled deep into central Africa to promote Christianity in the late 1860s
When several years passed without a word from him, people feared he was dead
Henry Stanley a newspaper reporter traveled to Africa & found him in 1871 with the famous greeting “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”
Why do you think King Leopold II told people his motive was to promote Christianity in the Congo?
Belgium’s control of the Congo was 80 times larger than Belgium itself (The government eventually took power away from Leopold II)

7. Check for Understanding
Why do you think King Leopold claimed his motive for taking over the Congo was to end the slave trade & promote Christianity?
Sentence Starter: King Leopold claimed that as his motive because _______________________.

8. Forces Driving Imperialism
Economic, political, & social forces accelerated the drive to take over land in all parts of the globe
Europeans viewed an empire’s size as a measure of national greatness
Racism: belief that one race is superior to others
Social Darwinism: survival of the fittest
Europeans believed that they had the right & the duty to bring the results of their progress to other countries
Missionaries also pushed to convert the peoples of Asia, Africa, & the Pacific Islands
Charles Darwin’s idea about natural selections & evolution
How do you think Social Darwinism plays a role in racism?
“Civilize” or “Westernize” the peoples of the foreign land

9. Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa
European countries had technological superiority & the means to control their empire
Europeans made advances in medicine to protect them from certain diseases
Africans’ huge variety of languages & cultures discouraged unity among them
Why would language be important in unifying cultures/people?
Europeans learned to play rival groups against each other

10. Check for Understanding
How could speaking a different language prevent unity among different people?
Sentence Starter: Speaking a different language would prevent unity because ______________.

11. The Division of Africa
No European power wanted to be left out of the race of colonizing
To prevent conflict, 14 European nations met at the Berlin Conference from to lay down rules for the division of Africa
European nations divided the continent with little thought about how African ethnic or linguistic groups would be divided
No African ruler was invited to attend these meetings
Discovery of Diamonds sparked more interest
They agreed that any European country could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations of its claims & showing it could control the area
Only Liberia & Ethiopia remained free

12. Demand for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies
Few Africans bought European goods
Europeans still needed raw materials from Africa
Africa was rich in mineral & natural resources
Business eventually developed cash-crop plantations & displaced the food crops grown by farmers in the region

13. Three Groups Clash Over South Africa
The history of South Africa is a history of Africans, Dutch, & British clashing over land & resources
The Zulu chiefs after Shaka were unable to keep the kingdom together against the superior arms of the British invaders
The Zulu nation fell to British control in 1887

14. Boers & British Settle in the Cape
The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle in South Africa
Dutch settlers were known as Boers
The Boers were known as Afrikaners
When the British took over the Cape Colony, they clashed with the Boers regarding land & slaves
The Boers migrated north clashing with the Zulu & other African groups whose land they were taking

15. The Boer War
Diamonds & gold that were discovered in southern African caused more issues between the Dutch & British
The Boer War between the British & Boers is considered the first modern “total” war
The British finally won the war