1. AGE OF IMPERIALISM AFRICA

2. Prior to 1880, Europeans control little of Africa directly
By 1914 only two African nations are still independent
Known as the “Scramble for Africa”
Scientific advances helped make controlling Africa easier
Discovery of the drug quinine which treated malaria
Development of the first automatic machine gun gave Europeans a huge military advantage

3. GREAT BRITAIN
British set up settlements along the Gold Coast and in Sierra Leone
Establishes a protectorate over warring groups in Nigeria
The British take an active interest in Egypt after the Suez Canal opens because it greatly reduces the time it takes to get to India
“Lifeline to India” – want control over canal area
Buys Egypt’s share in the Suez Canal
Egypt becomes a British protectorate so that Britain can protect its interest in the Suez Canal
Gain control of the Sudan to protect Egypt (British East Africa)

4. FRANCE France added the huge area of French West Africa
Controls the largest part of West Africa
1879 after 150,000 French people settle in Algeria, the gov’t of France claims it
1881 imposes a protectorate over neighboring Tunisia
1912 establishes a protectorate over Morocco
Also receives part of the Congo

5. GERMANY German East Africa
Germany gains control of Togo, Cameroon, and German Southwest Africa (Namibia)
German East Africa

6. BELGIUM
Gets a large part of the Congo

7. PORTUGAL
Claims Mozambique and Angola

8. ITALY Attempts to take control of Ethiopia in 1896
Invades and are defeated and embarrassed – only European nation defeated by an African state
1911 Italy invades and seizes Turkish Tripoli and renames it Libya

10. South Africa
Boers, or Afrikaners (descendants of the original Dutch settlers) have occupied Cape Town and the surrounding areas since the 1600s
Britain seizes these lands from the Dutch during the Napoleonic Wars
Starts a war with the Boer gov’t
The Boer War
The Boers are eventually defeated and their land goes to Britain
1910 Union of South Africa
Combines Cape Colony and the Boer republics into a self-governing nation within the British Empire
Only white people could vote
Apartheid = South African government’s official policy of legalized racial segregation

11. Berlin Conference
Europeans competed aggressively for territories in Africa and to prevent conflict, European leaders met at the Berlin Conference in
Purpose was to divide African territory
It was agreed that when a European nation claimed a new African territory it had to notify other European nations and prove it could control the territory
Africans were not invited to the conference and Europeans ignored traditional ethnic boundaries
Current boundaries in Africa were made by Europeans at the Berlin Conference
Long-term consequence is tribal warfare

12. Colonial Rule
Divided among Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain
Only two African states remain independent:
Ethiopia – defeated the Italians
Liberia – homeland created by the U.S. for freed slaves
Most Europeans rule their new territories with the least effort and cost possible
Many African subjects assimilate European culture