1. Elements & the Periodic Table
All in the family

2. Periodic Law
Physical and Chemical properties of the elements recur in a repeating pattern when ordered by increasing atomic number Z
Elements arranged by increasing Z in horizontal rows called Periods and columns called Groups
Elements in the same group have similar change and physical properties
Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons (electrons in the outermost energy level of the atom)
It is the number of valence electrons that is responsible for chemical reactivity

3. Identifying elements in the same group
Because members of the same group have similar chemical properties we often can identify which elements belong to the same group (family) by studying their chemical reactions
We will study 3 groups
Alkali metals
Alkaline Earth metals
Halogens
Like brothers and sisters elements within a family still have individual characteristics that make them unique
We will identify ”family traits”, and what makes elements unique
Identifying elements in the same group

4. Being Safe – using ions not elements
Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and halogens are all really dangerous as elements
Alkali metals for example can explode in water/air
We will use aqueous ions, (ions dissolved in water), of the metals and halogens.
We will use say sodium ion solutions, since the ions from the same group also behave according to “family traits” like the elements do
According to periodic law, the ions of the same group behave similarly since they too have the same number of valence electrons and the same charge

5. Part A: Flame Tests for Metal Ions
In Part A, you will perform a flame test of six solutions each containing an alkali, or alkaline earth metal ion
A flame test is where you take a metal loop dip it into the solution of interest and place the wet metal loop into a blue Bunsen flame.
As the metal ions heat up the electrons get excited to higher energy states, and as they then cool down they release the energy as light with a specific color, unique to that ion.
Each metal ion produces a different color, helping you to distinguish each metal ion from the others
Part A: Flame Tests for Metal Ions

6. Part B: Chemical reactions of the metal ions
In Part B, you will examine the behavior of the six metal ions in 3 different reactions
With Barium for example you will study 3 reactions
With ammonium carbonate
With ammonium hydrogen carbonate
With ammonium sulfate
You may observe a solid forming (precipitation) or no reaction at all.
If a solid forms we say a chemical reaction has occurred.
When a solid forms the solution goes cloudy, because the grains of solid are small and suspended in solution
You will use the results of Part B to classify the six metal ions into two groups (families) which share similar chemical properties

7. Part C: Chemical Properties of the halogen ions
In Part C you will examine the distinct behavior of the 3 halogen ions
You will see what happens when then react with
Bleach (sodium hypochlorite)
A similar reaction happens but the color at the end is different for each halogen
Each color is characteristic of that particular halogen ion, so you can distinguish one halogen from another
Part C: Chemical Properties of the halogen ions

8. Part D: Identify a Mystery Solution
In part D you will apply the testing procedures and data you gathered in parts A-C to identify the metal ion and the halogen present
Part D: Identify a Mystery Solution