1. Nationalism and Reform in Europe
Mr. Duggan World History
Nationalism and Reform in Europe

2. Liberalism
is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality.
Liberals have views depending on their principles, but generally they support ideas and programs which deal with freedom’s, free markets, civil rights, democratic societies, secular governments, and international cooperation

3. Nationalism
is a belief, an individual identifying with and attaches to one's nation.
Nationalism involves national identity and patriotism which the personal behaviors support a state's decisions and actions.

4. Nationalism and Political Revolutions
Revolutions of the 1830s
France, Belgium, Poland and Italy
liberalism and nationalism— began to break through the conservative domination of Europe government
In France, liberals overthrew Charles X in 1830 and established a constitutional monarchy.
Belgium rebelled and created an independent state.
Both Poland and Italy made efforts to break free but failed. Russia crushed the Polish and Austrian put down revolts in Italy.

5. Nationalism and Political Revolutions
Revolutions of 1848
Germany
The existence of 38 independent German states (called the German Confederation). Of these, Austria and Prussia were the two great powers.
In May 1848, an all-German parliament, called the Frankfurt Assembly, was held to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream
Ultimately, however, the Frankfurt Assembly failed to gain the support needed to achieve its goal
German unification was not achieved.

6. Nationalism and Political Revolutions
The Austrian Empire
was ruled by the Germans (25% of population) played a leading role in governing the Austrian Empire.
In March 1848, revolutionary forces took control of the capital and demanded a liberal constitution.
To appease the revolutionaries, the government gave Hungary its own legislature.
The revolutions in the Austrian Empire had failed.

7. Nationalism and Political Revolutions
Italy
1848 a revolt broke out , Italian states also took up arms and sought to create liberal constitutions and a unified Italy but failed
The Failures of 1848
The revolutionaries had made the revolutions possible. However, moderate liberals and more radical revolutionaries were soon divided over their goals; therefore, conservative rule was reestablished.

8. Nationalism, Unification, and Reform
The revolutions of 1848 had failed. By 1871, however, both Germany and Italy would be unified. The changes that made this possible began with the Crimean War.

9. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe
The Crimean War was a long-term war and struggle over sea port land between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
In 1853 the Russians invaded
Ottoman Turks declared war on Russia.
Great Britain and France, fearful of Russian gains in this war, declared war on Russia
The Crimean War was poorly planned and poorly fought. Eventually, heavy losses caused the Russians to seek peace.

10. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe
Effect of the Crimean War was to destroy the Concert of Europe.
Austria and Russia were now enemies
Austria was now without friends opening the door to the unification of Italy and Germany.

11. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe
Italian Unification
Giuseppe Garibaldi raised an army of a thousand volunteers and began a victorious march up the Italian Peninsula freeing the lands from foreign control
Garibaldi chose to turn over his conquests to a new state of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel II
See map Duggan

12. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe
German Unification
After the Frankfurt Assembly failed to achieve German unification, Germans looked to Prussia for leadership
The Prussian king had firm control over the government and the army. Prussia was also known for its militarism - or reliance on military strength.

13. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe
German Unification
In the 1860s, King William I appointed a new prime minister, Count Otto von Bismarck
He proceeded to collect taxes and strengthen the army and followed an active foreign policy, which soon led to war.
Under Bismark, the Prussian defeated the Austrians

14. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe
German Unification
southern German states fearing France, their western neighbor, agreed to sign military alliances with Prussia for protection against France
Franco-Prussian War- War between France and Prussia. France loses to Prussia and lost land
William I of Prussia was proclaimed kaiser, or emperor, of the Second German Empire (the first was the medieval Holy Roman Empire).
Germany had become the strongest power in Europe.

15. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe
Great Britain
Britain avoided revolution, by 1850, industrialization had brought prosperity to the British middle class
Victorian Age - Queen Victoria (1837 to 1901) sense of duty and moral respectability came to define the values and attitudes of her age

16. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe
France
Napoleon III completely controlled the government and limited civil liberties.
He focused on expanding the economy.
The Austrian Empire
Austria's defeat to Prussia forced the Austrians to make concessions to Hungarians.
Compromise of 1867 which created the dual monarchy of Austria- Hungary.

17. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe
Russia
After the Russians suffered a humiliating defeat in the Crimean War, they were forced to make reforms
Their reforms failed leaving the country in turmoil

18. Rise of Alliance Systems

19. Rise of Alliance Systems
Triple Entente
France , Russia and Great Britain
Triple Alliance (central powers)
Germany, Austria-Hungry and Italy (later Italy drops out and Ottoman Empire Joins)