1. THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
FIELD BIOLOGY
THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

2. BIOLOGY
Bios (Greek) =
Life
Logos (Greek) =
Study

3. BIOLOGY
Two Sub-fields:
- BOTANY
- ZOOLOGY

4. BOTANY
Botane (Greek) =
Plant
Logos (Greek) =
Study

5. ZOOLOGY
Zoon (Greek) =
Animal
Logos (Greek) =
Study

6. TAXONOMY - were based on the idea of “fixity of species”.
Original classification schemes:
- were based on the idea of “fixity of species”.
- were based on similar external features.

7. Carolus Linnaeus
- first to catalog organisms based on the function of a structure.
Carolus Linnaeus

8. Carolus Linnaeus
- later others added the origin of the structure as a criteria.
Carolus Linnaeus

9. - Was the structure from independent evolution?
Origin of a structure
- Was the structure from
independent evolution?
Euphorbia – African Desert
Cactus – Mexican Desert

10. common ancestor? Origin of a structure - Or was it from a
Ostrich - Africa
Rhea – S. America

11. Is the structure an Analogous structure
or an Homologous Structure?

12. Analogous Structures
- have similar functions
- different internal structure
- no common evolutionary origin

13. - but may have different functions
Homologous Structures
- have a similar evolutionary origin
- but may have different functions

15. The modern Linnaean system assumes that the more homologies two species share…
the closer they must be in terms of evolutionary distance.

16. The closer they are in terms of evolutionary distance…
the more likely they should be in similar classification groups.

18. Linnaean System Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Class - Mammalia
Order
- Primates
Family
- Hominidae
Genus
- Homo
Species
- sapiens

19. Kingdoms?
In Ancient times:
1 Animalia
Woof !

20. Kingdoms?
In Ancient times:
1 Animalia
2 Plantae

21. Kingdoms? 1 Animalia 2 Plantae 3 Fungi 3 4 Protista 5 Monera
By 1969 we had . . .
1 Animalia
2 Plantae
3 Fungi 3
4 Protista
5 Monera

22. Kingdoms? 1 Animalia 3 Fungi 2 Plantae 4 Protista 5 Archaebacteria 5 ?
1 - 4 = Eukaryotic = Prokaryotic
Today:
1 Animalia
3 Fungi
2 Plantae
4 Protista
5. Eubacteria – true bacteria
6. Archaebacteria – bacteria-like (hot springs, sea vents, sewage plants & swamp sediments)
5 Archaebacteria
5 ?
6 ?
6 Eubacteria
1 - 4 = Cell Type? = Cell Type?

23. Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
METAPROTOCELLS
Anerobic

24. Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
METAPROTOCELLS

25. Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Plantae Animalia Fungi
METAPROTOCELLS
Protista
Plant-like Protists
Animal-like Protists
Fungus-like Protists
Plantae
Animalia
Fungi

26. Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Plantae Animalia Fungi
METAPROTOCELLS
Protista
Plant-like Protists
Animal-like Protists
Fungus-like Protists
Plantae
Animalia
Fungi

27. Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
  Species  

28. Binomial Nomenclature
- Two Latin Names; genus & species, to designate each type of organism

29. Homo is our genus sapiens is our species Species name:
ex: Homo sapiens, or "man who is wise"
Homo is our genus
sapiens is our species

30. Define “Species” ?
- if two organisms can mate and produce fertile offspring, they are probably members of the same species.

31. A few thoughts about life over the long term. . .

32. Supernovas can occur approx
Supernovas can occur approx. every 50,000 years and can bombard this planet with up to 700 roentgens of radiation.

33. Most forms of life can not survive over 500 roentgens.

34. 99% of all plant and animal species that have ever existed on this planet have already become extinct. 

35. Large animals, including humans, are freakishly rare life forms, since 99% of all known animal species are smaller than bumble bees.

36. Just THINK about that for a moment...