1. Reformation Spreads Subtitle

2. Divisions in Protestantism

3. Zwingli
In Zürich, Switzerland, Ulrich Zwingli was influential in reforming the Catholic Church.
His Protestant movement spread through Switzerland.

4. John Calvin
Calvin believed in an all-powerful God and the idea of predestination—the belief that God had predestined some people to be saved (the elect).
Faith revealed by living a righteous life, work ethic
Calvin’s ideas led to the rise of Calvinism, which soon became more popular than Lutheranism.

5. Reformation in England
Rooted in Politics

6. King Henry VIII
Established the Church of England when the pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
The Act of Supremacy of 1534 declared the king of England the official head of religious doctrine, with control over discipline, clerical appointments, and breaking ties with the pope.
Henry’s Church of England was very similar to Catholicism

7. Mary I In 1553, Henry’s daughter, Mary, came to power
Attempted to restore Roman Catholicism
Her efforts, including the burning of more than Protestants, earned her the nickname of “Bloody Mary.”

8. Elizabeth I
Established the Anglican Church as the national church of England
Is tolerant of religious dissenters (those who disagreed with the break from the Catholic Church)
Commissioned the 39 Articles
Philip II of Spain tried to invade England to restore Catholicism to the island nation.
In 1588, the Spanish armada was defeated by the faster English ships.

9. Portrait of Elizabeth commemorating the defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588), depicted in the background. Elizabeth's hand rests on the globe, symbolizing her international power.

10. The Reformation had its roots in disagreements about theology, but it led to important economic and political changes. Religious differences and hatreds caused war and destruction.

11. Reformation in Germany
Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending the authority of the Pope in their states.
The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church.
Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (e.g., Thirty Years’ War).

12. Reformation in France
After more than 30 years of war between Catholics and Protestants, the Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes.
Cardinal Richelieu exploited the religious conflict (Thirty Years’ War) for political ends.

13. Catholic Reformation Counter-Reformation:
The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practices.
The Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) was founded by Ignatius of Loyola to spread Catholic doctrine around the world.
The Inquisition was used to reinforce Catholic doctrine.

14. Exit Ticket
John Calvin, a French theologian, advocated that God had preordained the fate of all people. This was called A nirvana. B reincarnation. C predestination. D karma

15. The Anglican Church became a national church throughout the British Isles under
Henry VIII.
Elizabeth I.
Charles V.
Philip II.

16. The Edict of Nantes granted freedom of worship to the—
Huguenots
Lutherans
Calvinists
Jesuits

17. Why did the Catholic Church start the Inquisition?
To praise Protestant reformers
To convert the Native Americans to Catholicism
To punish priests for selling indulgences
To reinforce Catholic doctrine

19. Impact on Western Civilization
At first, the Reformation divided the countries of Europe on religious principles, leading to religious intolerance.
Power in most European states was concentrated in the monarch.
Gradually, religious toleration emerged.

20. Changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies
Growth of secularism
Growth of individualism
Eventual growth of religious tolerance

21. Role of the Printing Press
Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press.
The Bible was printed in English, French, and German.
These factors had an important impact on spreading the ideas of the Reformation and the Renaissance