1. Chapter 4
The Cell in Action

2. Section 1 – Exchange with the Environment
Diffusion – The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Osmosis – The diffusion of water through the cell membrane
Passive Transport – Diffusion of particles through the proteins from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration: this requires no energy
Active Transport – The movement of particles through proteins against the normal direction of diffusion, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration: this requires the cell to use energy
Endocytosis – The cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses it in a vesicle bringing it into the cell
Exocytosis – Vesicles are formed at the ER or Golgi Complex and carry the particle to the cell membrane

3. Section 2 – Cell Energy Vocabulary
Photosynthesis – The process by which plants are able to capture light energy from the sun and change it into food
Cellular Respiration – The process of producing ATP in the cell from oxygen and glucose; releases carbon dioxide and water
Fermentation – The breakdown of sugars to make ATP in the absence of oxygen

4. Photosynthesis
Light energy, carbon dioxide and water are used to make glucose (food) in chloroplasts. Oxygen in released

5. Cellular Respiration
Oxygen and the energy in glucose are used to make ATP. ATP is a molecule that stores energy in a form that cells can use. ATP is produced by the mitochondria. Carbon dioxide and water are also released. Cellular respiration occurs in both plant and animal cells.

6. Section 3 – The Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle – Life cycle of the cell
Chromosome – Structures where the DNA of a cell is organized
Binary Fission – Cell division in bacteria: each cell contains one copy of the DNA
Homologous Chromosomes – Chromosomes with matching information
Chromatids – The copies made after each chromosome is duplicated
Centromere – The region where the chromatids are held together
Mitosis – The complicated process of chromosome separation
Cytokinesis – The process of the cytoplasm splitting in two

7. Bacteria (Prokaryotic) reproduce by the process of Binary Fission
Eukaryotic Cells reproduce by the process of mitosis
Eukaryotic cells that have a cell wall (plants, fungi, algae) use mitosis but a cell plate forms in the middle separating the two new cells