1. Chap 20 Day 1 – Aim: How did Western Europe develop during the High Middle Ages? Do Now: Pair/Share 1) Who do the people represent in the painting? 2) Why are they portrayed this way?

2. The Holy Roman Empire
Otto I of Saxony takes advantage of decline of Carolingian Empire to establish kingdom in north Germany, mid 10th century CE
Military forays into eastern Europe
Twice enters Italy to aid Roman Catholic church
Pope John XII names Otto Emperor of Holy Roman Empire, 962 CE

3. The regional states of medieval Europe about 1250 CE- Why is the Holy Roman Empire called that?

4. Tensions between Emperors and the Church
Investiture Contest, late 11th-early 12th centuries (Church v State over who appoints powerful church positions)
Pope Gregory VII ( ) attempts to end practice of lay investiture
Excommunicates Emperor Henry IV ( CE)
German peoples take opportunity to rebel
Quashed with difficulty

5. Frederick Barbarossa (r. 1152-1190 CE)
Frederick I, “red beard”
Attempt to absorb Lombardy (northern Italy)
Popes did not want him to gain that much power, enlisted aid from other states
Frederick forced to back down

6. Regional Monarchies: France and England
Capetian France
Hugh Capet succeeds last Carolingian Emperor, 987 CE
Slowly expands authority out from Paris
Normans in England
Descendants of Vikings, settled in France
Invade England in 1066 under William the Conqueror
Dominate Angles, Saxons, and other Germanic groups

7. Italy Series of ecclesiastical states, city-states, and principalities
Papal State directly controlled by Pope, good-sized territory in central Italy
By 12th century, city-states increasingly displace church control in northern Italy- WHY?
Normans invade southern Italy, displace Byzantine and Muslim authorities

8. Muslims control Iberian peninsula, 8th-12th centuries
From 11th century on, Christian conquest of Spanish Muslim territories
Late 13th century, Muslims remain only in Granada
Iberian Peninsula

9. Growth of the Agricultural Economy
Increasing development of arable lands – WHY?
Minimized threat of invading nomads
Clearing of swamps, forests
Improved agricultural techniques
Crop rotation
New crops, esp. beans
Horseshoes, horse collars (horses faster than oxen)

10. European Population Growth, 800-1300 CE – WHY?

11. Summary/Review Questions
What did the monarchies that emerged in France and England have in common? How were they different?
What were the significant innovations in agriculture in Europe during this period? How did each one lead to increased yield?