1. Unit 1
Civil War

2. Causes of the Civil War Long-Term Causes Short-Term Causes
Sectionalism
Election of 1860
Slavery
Secession
Westward Expansion
Fort Sumter
Breakdown of Compromises
States’ Rights vs. Federal Rights

3. Sectionalism
People felt greater loyalty to their section – the North, South, or West – than to the nation as a whole
South – Agricultural with slave labor (1/4 of south population), grew cotton for northern factories
Northwest – Great Lakes area, dominated by small independent family farms
Northeast – Industrial part of the country, started a new middle-class population of factory workers

4. Slavery Abolitionists wanted to end slavery
Escaped slaves like Frederick Douglass spoke out against the horrors of slavery
Pro-slavery apologists in the South argued that slaves were better off than Northern factory workers
Many Northerners did not want to see slavery extended to new territories
Southerners feared being outnumbered by free states if slavery did not spread
Harriet Tubman – famous “conductor” of the underground railroad
Harriet Beecher Stowe – wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

5. Western Expansion
Northerners did not want slavery in the new western territories
Southerners wanted the new territories to decide the issue of slavery based on popular sovereignty
Both North and South were fearful the other would gain more power in Congress so compromises were made to keep the slave and free states equal

6. Missouri Compromise (1820)
Breakdown of Compromises
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Missouri was added as a slave state
Maine was added as a free state
Resulting in 12 free states & 12 slave states
No other slave states allowed north of Missouri southern state line
Supreme Court declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional in 1857

7. Breakdown of Compromises (Cont.)
Compromise of 1850
California admitted as a free state
Rest of territory based on popular sovereignty
Harsher fugitive slave law passed

8. States’ Rights vs. Federal Rights
Many southerners believed states had the right to leave the Union if they wished
Southerners believed the states could “nullify” federal laws
Northerners believed the Constitution applied to all states equally and states must follow those laws and principles
Northerners also believed the southern states could not secede
Dred Scott Decision (1857)
Supreme Court ruled Scott was not a U.S. Citizen & had no right to sue in federal court
Supreme Court ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, angering the Northerners that wanted to stop the spread of slavery

9. Election of 1860 Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln
Democrats split their nomination with 2 candidates, a northerner (Douglas) and a southerner (Breckenridge)
A strong third party candidate (Bell) finished 3rd in the electoral college
Democrats split their votes allowing Lincoln to win in a landslide
The South had threatened to secede if Lincoln won the election

10. Secession South Carolina was the first to secede
Six other lower states quickly followed and organized themselves into the Confederate States of America
Jefferson Davis became the 1st and only president of the confederacy
The North, including President Lincoln never formally recognized the Confederate States as a separate county

11. Fort Sumter
In early 1861, President Lincoln sent supplies to federal forts in the seceding southern states
April 12, 1861 Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina
After Fort Sumter, 4 other upper south slave states joined the Confederacy (Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina
The Union did keep 5 border slave states (Kentucky, West Virginia, Delaware, Missouri, and Maryland)

12. Civil War
The North had most of the major advantages including population, factories, food production, and cash (banking)
The south had a few advantages including cotton production, livestock, military colleges, and better generals

13. Civil War

14. Emancipation Proclamation
Civil War
Emancipation Proclamation
President Lincoln freed all slaves in the rebelling Confederate states
Anaconda Plan

15. Consequences of the Civil War
The Civil War ended the slavery debate. Within a few months, Congress officially eliminated slavery by passing the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
The rebelling Confederate states were forced to remain in the Union (United States)
The Civil War strengthened the power of the federal government, ending the debate of which on has more authority, states vs. federal
Ultimately, over 600,000 U.S. citizens lost their lives. That is more U.S. deaths than WWI, WWII, Vietnam, and the Revolutionary War combined.
The U.S. will spend the next years in what we call the Reconstruction Period