1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

2. Chapter 2 The Constitution
Lecture Tips and Suggestions for In-Class Activities.
This chapter should demonstrate the development of independent statehood. Therefore it should emphasize the major organizational developments: the Stamp Act Congress, the Committees of Correspondence, the First and Second Continental Congresses, the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution.
Note the full title of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. The South will often refer back to this original idea when debating the role of the federal government. The articles now discarded, the new Constitution enacted, anti-Federalists feel scorned by their loss of autonomy and the Federal Government’s perceived abuse of powers. In response, Jefferson and Madison will pen the Virginia and Kentucky Resolves. Their threats of interposition and nullification will later be used by Southerners clinging to the institution of slavery in the 1850s, and one hundred years later when Southerners again cling to the institutions of Jim Crow.
Chapter 2 The Constitution

3. Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives
LO 2.1: Settlers came to the New World for a variety of reasons, but most of these early inhabitants remained loyal to Great Britain and considered themselves subjects of the king. Over the years, as new generations of Americans were born on colonial soil, those ties weakened. A series of taxes levied by the British crown ultimately led colonists to convene the Second Continental Congress and to declare their independence.
LO 2.2: The Articles of Confederation (1781) created a loose league of friendship between the new national government and the states. Numerous weaknesses in the new government quickly became apparent. Among the major flaws were Congress’s inability to tax or regulate commerce, the absence of an executive to administer the government, the lack of a strong central government, and no judiciary.
Roots of the New American Nation
LO 2.1: Trace the historical developments that led to the colonists’ break with Great Britain and the emergence of the new American nation.
The First Attempt at Government: The Articles of Confederation
LO 2.2: Identify the key components of the Articles of Confederation and the reasons why it failed.

4. Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives
LO 2.3: When the weaknesses under the Articles of Confederation became apparent, the states called for a meeting to reform them. The Constitutional Convention (1787) threw out the Articles of Confederation and fashioned a new, more workable form of government. The U.S. Constitution was the result of a series of compromises, including those over representation, issues involving large and small states, slavery, and how to determine population. Compromises were also made about how members of each branch of government were to be selected. The Electoral College was created to give states a key role in the selection of the president.
LO 2.4: The proposed U.S. Constitution created a federal system that drew heavily on Montesquieu’s ideas about separation of powers. These ideas concerned a way of parceling out power among the three branches of government. A system of checks and balances also prevented any one branch from having too much power.
The Miracle at Philadelphia:
Writing the U.S. Constitution
LO 2.3: Outline the issues and compromises that were central to the writings of the U.S. Constitution.
The U.S. Constitution
LO 2.4: Analyze the underlying principles of the U.S. Constitution

5. Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives
Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness is a borrowed phrase from John Locke’s two Treaties on Civil Government. Locke however had coined the phrase Life, Liberty and Property, to be natural rights. Ask your students why they think Jefferson made the change. One theory is that those without property might then demand their own—some already were! You could further ask whether or not they agree that life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness (or property) are indeed natural rights. Would they subtract any of the above? Could they think of other natural rights to add. Possible additions could be dignity, equal access to health care, a place to live, a clean environment, etc.
LO 2.5: The drive for ratification became a fierce fight between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Federalists lobbied for the strong national government created by the Constitution; Anti-Federalists favored greater state power.
LO 2.6: The Framers did not want the government to be too swayed by the whims of the people. Therefore, they designed a deliberate two-stage, formal amendment process that required approval on the federal and state levels; this process has rarely been used. However, informal amendments, prompted by judicial interpretation and by cultural and social change, have had a tremendous impact on the Constitution.
The Drive for Ratification of the U.S. Constitution
LO 2.5: Explain the conflicts that characterized the drive for ratification of the U.S. Constitution.
Toward Reform: Methods of Amending the U.S. Constitution
LO 2.6: Distinguish between the methods for proposing and ratifying amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

6. Tensions begin to build in the 1760s
Roots of the New American Nation LO 2.1: Trace the historical developments that led to the colonists’ break with Great Britain and the emergence of the new American nation.
Tensions begin to build in the 1760s
British use mercantilism to justify control
French and Indian War increases British debt and colonists’ dependence
Series of acts are passed taxing items such as sugar, tea, and paper products
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7. Roots of the New American Nation
LO 2.1
Roots of the New American Nation
Stamp Act Congress (1765)
is formed to address grievances
Committees of Correspondence (1772) form to keep colonists abreast of developments
Despite grievances taxation continues
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8. The First Continental Congress
LO 2.1
Photo Caption: Who was Samuel Adams?
Today, Samuel Adams (1722–1803), cousin of President John Adams, is well known for the beer that bears his name. His original claim to fame was as an early leader against the British and loyalist oppressors, although he did bankrupt his family’s brewery business.
The First Continental Congress
Held in Philadelphia from Sept 5th to Oct 26th, 1774
Objectives
Formally oppose the Coercive Acts
Boycott British goods
Draft a Declaration of Rights and Resolves
Planned next meeting for May 1775
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9. The Second Continental Congress
LO 2.1
The Second Continental Congress
Prior to meeting, fighting breaks out April 19th, 1775 at Lexington and Concord
Adopt Olive Branch Petition; rejected by the King
Thomas Paine writes Common Sense in January 1776
Declaration of Independence is written in July 1776 and draws heavily from English philosopher John Locke
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10. What was the main grievance of the Stamp Act Congress?
LO 2.1
What was the main grievance of the Stamp Act Congress?
The Stamp Act barred the colonists from using their own stamps.
The Stamp Act had little effect in raising the required revenues to pay for the French and Indian War.
The taxes imposed by the British had a religious context and therefore conflicted with the separation of church and state.
The British Parliament had no authority to tax the colonists without colonial representation in that body.
The Stamp Act included the taxing of books and playing cards.
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

11. What was the main grievance of the Stamp Act Congress?
LO 2.1
What was the main grievance of the Stamp Act Congress?
The Stamp Act barred the colonists from using their own stamps.
The Stamp Act had little effect in raising the required revenues to pay for the French and Indian War.
The taxes imposed by the British had a religious context and therefore conflicted with the separation of church and state.
The British Parliament had no authority to tax the colonists without colonial representation in that body.
The Stamp Act included the taxing of books and playing cards.
To Learning Objectives
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

12. First formal independent government
The First Attempt at Government: The Articles of Confederation LO 2.2: Identify the key components of the Articles of Confederation and the reasons why it failed.
Note the full title of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. The South will often refer back to this original idea when debating the role of the federal government.
First formal independent government
Establishes a confederation in which states are the dominant source of power
Federal government is deliberately weak
No standing federal executive, judiciary, or power to tax
Shays’s Rebellion illustrates Articles’ weaknesses
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13. What type of government did the Articles of Confederation create?
LO 2.2
What type of government did the Articles of Confederation create?
Federal government
Confederacy
Republic
Democracy
Unitary government
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

14. What type of government did the Articles of Confederation create?
LO 2.2
What type of government did the Articles of Confederation create?
Federal government
Confederacy
Republic
Democracy
Unitary government
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

15. Constitutional Convention
The Miracle at Philadelphia: Writing the U.S. Constitution LO 2.3: Outline the issues and compromises that were central to the writing of the U.S. Constitution.
Constitutional Convention
Held in Philadelphia in May, 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation
Fifty-five delegates (referred to as the “Founders” or “Framers”) attended
Motives of the delegates unclear
Diversity of opinions necessitates compromise
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16. Favored the large states Provided for three branches of government
LO 2.3
The Virginia Plan
Favored the large states
Provided for three branches of government
Produced a bicameral system
One chamber chosen by the people
One chamber chosen by state legislatures
Congress would choose executive and judiciary
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17. Essentially strengthened the Articles of Confederation
LO 2.3
The New Jersey Plan
Essentially strengthened the Articles of Confederation
Produced a unicameral system
Each state, regardless of the number of representatives, was given one vote
Members were elected by state legislatures
Supreme Court with life terms appointed by the Executive
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18. Constitutional Compromises
LO 2.3
Constitutional Compromises
The Great Compromise
Bicameral system: House based on population (elected by the people); Senate based on statehood (elected by state legislatures): two for each state
Revenue bills originate in House
National government is supreme
The Three-Fifths Compromise
Each slave counted as three-fifths of a person for purposes of representation
Prevents attacks on slavery but makes spread of slavery northward unlikely
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19. LO 2.3
The disagreement over the Virginia and New Jersey Plans was solved by what?
The Three-Fifths Compromise
The disagreement was never solved
The Great Compromise
Presidential decree
George Washington through clever negotiations
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

20. LO 2.3
The disagreement over the Virginia and New Jersey Plans was solved by what?
The Three-Fifths Compromise
The disagreement was never solved
The Great Compromise
Presidential decree
George Washington through clever negotiations
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

21. The U.S. Constitution LO 2.4: Analyze the underlying principles of the U.S. Constitution
Federalism
Separation of Powers
Checks and Balances
Seven Articles
Twenty Seven Amendments – the first ten of which are the Bill of Rights
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22. The Articles of the Constitution
LO 2.4
The Articles of the Constitution
Article I: The Legislative Branch
Bicameral
Sets out terms, selection, apportionment
Section 8
Enumerated powers
17 clauses
Implied powers
Final clause: necessary and proper clause
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23. The Articles of the Constitution
LO 2.4
Photo Caption: Who is the audience for the president’s State of the Union Address?
When the Framers, in Article II of the Constitution, required the president to report directly to Congress “from time to time,” they never imagined that millions of people would tune in to the president’s address carried live on television, radio, and the Internet. Here, President Barack Obama hands copies of his speech to Vice President Joe Biden and Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi in 2009.
The Articles of the Constitution
Article II: The Executive Branch
Four year terms
Qualifications for office
Removal
Powers
Commander in Chief
Treaties
Appointments
Addressing the nation
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24. The Articles of the Constitution
LO 2.4
The Articles of the Constitution
Article III: the Judicial Branch
The Supreme Court
Congress and the lower courts
Jurisdiction
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25. The Articles of the Constitution
LO 2.4
The Articles of the Constitution
Articles IV through VII
Article IV: relations among the states and the full faith and credit clause
Article V: amending the constitution
Article VI: supremacy clause
Article VII: ratification
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26. The ______________ can be found in Article IV of the Constitution.
LO 2.4
The ______________ can be found in Article IV of the Constitution.
commerce clause
necessary and proper clause
supremacy Clause
full faith and credit clause
elastic clause
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

27. The ______________ can be found in Article IV of the Constitution.
LO 2.4
The ______________ can be found in Article IV of the Constitution.
commerce clause
necessary and proper clause
supremacy Clause
full faith and credit clause
elastic clause
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28. States held ratifying conventions Federalists and Anti-Federalists
The Drive for Ratification of the U.S. Constitution LO 2.5: Explain the conflicts that characterized the drive for ratification of the U.S. Constitution.
States held ratifying conventions
Initially great resistance from the states
Federalists and Anti-Federalists
The Federalist Papers
Nine states need to ratify
New Hampshire becomes the ninth in 1788
States ultimately ratified on condition of the inclusion of a Bill of Rights
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29. Explanations of the Framers’ intentions
LO 2.5
Photo Caption: Why were The Federalist Papers written?
The Federalist Papers highlighted the reasons for the structure of the new government and its benefits. As seen on the cover page, the papers had the approval of those at the Constitutional Convention.
The Federalist Papers
Most written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison between October 1787 and May 1788
Explanations of the Framers’ intentions
Nos. 10, 51, and 78 of particular importance
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30. First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution
LO 2.5
The Bill of Rights
First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution
Largely guarantee specific rights and liberties including freedom of expression, speech, press, religion, and assembly
Ratified in 1791
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31. What did the Federalists favor?
LO 2.5
What did the Federalists favor?
A strong national government
A weak national government
Strong state governments
Limited taxing power
State militias
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32. What did the Federalists favor?
LO 2.5
What did the Federalists favor?
A strong national government
A weak national government
Strong state governments
Limited taxing power
State militias
To Learning Objectives
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33. Two methods for amending: formal and informal
Toward Reform: Methods of Amending the U.S. Constitution LO 2.6: Distinguish between the methods for proposing and ratifying amendments to the U.S. Constitution.
Framers made formal amendment process slow to prevent impulsive amendments
Two methods for amending: formal and informal
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34. Formal Methods of Amending the Constitution
LO 2.6
Formal Methods of Amending the Constitution
Two-step process
Proposal
By Congress or state legislatures (state legislatures have never proposed)
Ratification
By state legislatures or conventions (convention used only for Twenty-First Amendment
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35. Informal Methods of Amending the Constitution
LO 2.6
Informal Methods of Amending the Constitution
Judicial Interpretation
Marbury v. Madison (1803) and judicial review
Social and Cultural Change
Racism, sexism
Economic crises
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36. Why is the amendment of the Twenty-First Amendment considered unique?
LO 2.6
Why is the amendment of the Twenty-First Amendment considered unique?
It was amended informally through judicial review.
It reversed a prior amendment.
It was never actually amended.
It was the only amendment to be ratified by state conventions.
Both B and D.
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

37. Why is the amendment of the Twenty-First Amendment considered unique?
LO 2.6
Why is the amendment of the Twenty-First Amendment considered unique?
It was amended informally through judicial review.
It reversed a prior amendment.
It was never actually amended.
It was the only amendment to be ratified by state conventions.
Both B and D.
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38. Figure 2.1: How did the British presence in what is now the United States look in 1763?
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39. Figure 2.2: What are the separation of powers and checks and balances under the U.S. Constitution?
Back
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40. Figure 2.3: How can the U.S. Constitution be amended?
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41. Table 2. 1: How do the Articles of Confederation and the U. S
Table 2.1: How do the Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution compare to one another?
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42. Table 2.2: What were the differences between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists?
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