1. Intro to Cells, Bacteria, Resistance, and Viruses
Test Review

2. Video discussion
Describe some ways in which viruses have evolved to combat our own body/cell defenses

3. Pictured here is dried yeast
Pictured here is dried yeast. The same type of yeast used to make bread and dough. It doesn’t look like it’s living, but, looks can be deceiving. What characteristics would make it living? Hint: there are 8 total, try and name them all!
Answer: made of cells reproduce, have a genetic code, grow and develop, maintain and use energy, respond to environment, maintain stable internal environment, change over time (evolve)

4. Match the correct scientist with their discovery
1. Redi
2. Spallanzani
3. Pasteur
4. Leeuwehnhoek
5. Needham
A. Used a curved neck flask to show life can’t form spontaneously from air
B. Boiled gravy sealed in a flask and thought spontaneous generation was possible
C. Used gauze covered jars with meat inside to prove life comes from other life like maggots from flies
D. Discovered animalcules in pond water, invented first microscopes
E. Repeated Needham’s experiments and proved spontaneous generation is not possible
Answer: C, E, A, D, B

5. Which cell pictured below is the prokaryotic cell. How do you know
Which cell pictured below is the prokaryotic cell? How do you know? Think of 2 reasons why.
Answer: cell on the right, has no nucleus, has a cell wall, we know some have flagellum

6. Let’s finish comparing/contrasting pro and eukaryotic cells
Let’s finish comparing/contrasting pro and eukaryotic cells. List all differences that you can think of.
Answer: Prokaryotic (small, simple, no nucleus, bacteria are examples), eukaryotic (large, complex, nucleus, plant and animal cells are examples)

7. What type of general bacteria category did we swab for in the school
What type of general bacteria category did we swab for in the school? What if we were to take samples from a highly acidic lake in Australia?
Answer: eubacteria around school, extremophiles in a highly acidic lake

8. Identify the correct shape and arrangement for each picture below.
Staphylococcus Streptobacillus Diplococcus

9. Name 2 ways a bacterial cell can move.
Answer: flagella tails, their own slime, lash or snake themselves forward

10. Bacteria can be heterotrophs or autotrophs, which one can make it’s own food?
Answer: autotrophs

11. Correctly match the oxygen use with the correct definition.
1. Facultative anaerobe
2. Obligate aerobe
3. Obligate anaerobe
A. Dies in the presence of oxygen
B. Requires oxygen for survival
C. Can survive with or without oxygen
Answer: C, B, A

12. Label the type of reproduction seen below and whether it is sexual or asexual.
Answer: Left is conjugation and sexual, right is binary fission and asexual

13. Spore formation is a 3rd type of reproduction, why would a bacterial cell use this form to reproduce?
Answer: for unfavorable conditions (temperature, nutrients, environmental), lay dormant until conditions are more suitable

14. Name 3 beneficial uses of bacteria.
Answer: food products, water purification, nitrogen fixers for plants, cosmetics, decomposition, making medicines, symbiotic relationships (E. coli in our intestines)

15. What’s the difference between an antibiotic and an antibacterial
What’s the difference between an antibiotic and an antibacterial? Give examples of each.
Answer:
Antibiotic- medicine made to kill bacteria (penicillin, methicillin, etc.)
Antibacterial- commercial product used to kill bacteria (hand sanitizers, Lysol)

16. Describe how a superbug evolves, be sure to use “environmental pressures” and “genetics/reproduction” to describe how this happens.
Answer: as we use/misuse antibiotics and antibacterials the weaker bacteria get killed off and the strong survive. Humans “pressure” the strong to survive as we overuse/misuse antibiotics. The strongest bacteria have the most resistant genes and are favored to go on and survive and reproduce.

17. Since viruses are not made of cells, name some things that make-up their basic composition.
Answer: capsid protein coat, DNA/RNA core, some macromolecules

18. Which diagram is showing the lytic cycle. Which one shows lysogenic
Which diagram is showing the lytic cycle? Which one shows lysogenic? How do you know?
Answer: the right is the lytic cycle because it shows the virus reproducing inside the host cell to the point of it bursting open. The left is the lysogenic cycle because a portion of viral DNA is being cut and pasted into the host’s DNA. Also, lysogenic can switch into lytic.

19. Why are viruses considered parasites?
Answer: they depend completely upon the host cell’s nutrients, metabolism, respiration and movement

20. What type of virus can make DNA from RNA?
Answer: a retrovirus like HIV