1. 5.3 Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform

2. 5.3.III The spread of Enlightenment ideas and increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary movements.
B. American colonial subjects led a series of rebellions, which facilitated the emergence of independent nation-states in the US, Haiti, and mainland nations of modern Latin America. French subjects rebelled against their monarchy.

3. American Revolution Really a war for independence
Americans revolted at the right time
GB was tired
King was crazy
French were mad at GB
Enlightenment

4. French Revolution

5. Three Phases of the Revolution
Liberal Phase ( )
Characterized by a non-violent approach to diplomacy
Radical Phase ( )
Violence against the established order
Thermidorian Reaction ( )
Phase of going back to Christian and old French culture

6. Social Causes of the Revolution & Estates-General
1st Estate: Clergy
130,000 people
10 % of the land
Except from the taille
2nd Estate
350,000 people
25 to 30 % of the land
Nobles of the robe
Nobles of the sword
Segur law
3rd Estate
75 to 80 % of population
35 to 40 % of land
Relics of feudalism
8 % of total population was a bourgeoisie class
huge inflation made life for this group hard-bread riots
Owned % of land

7. Economic Causes of Revolution
Bad harvests
Food shortages
Unemployment
General poverty
Government financial collapse

8. Political Causes of Revolution
Enlightenment ideals
Voting in the Estates
Corrupt parlements
Call of Estates-General in 1787 for the first time since 1614
National Assembly was locked out
Tennis Court Oath
No legal right to do this
King called on troops to dismantle the National Assembly

9. Liberal Phase May 5, 1789 Question of voting
Third Estate called themselves the National Assembly with the goal of drawing up a Constitution w/ a monarchy and legislative assembly

10. Liberal Phase Fall of the Bastille Royal troops turned on Louis XVI
He created a National Guard
Peasant rebellions began to break out
Great Fear SUMMER OF 1789

11. Liberal Phase: Goals of National Assembly
End relics of feudalism
Made clerics and nobles pay taxes
Calm down the peasants

12. Liberal Phase March on Versailles
Royal family had to move back to Paris
King forced to accept movements of the National Assembly
Church lands seized

13. Liberal Phase Constitution of 1791 Monarch is still executive
Legislative Assembly
Sovereign power
Active/passive citizens
Electors
This gov’t failed and led to radical phase

14. National Convention
Random group that formed as Constitutional Monarchy system was falling apart
Dominated by political radicals
Killing in order to end overcrowded prisons
First met in September 1792
Ended up as the ruling body of France
Executed the king

15. COPS Committee of Public Safety
Goal was to control rebel forces throughout France
Issued draft for French Army
Inclusion of Revolutionaries in the Army spread revolutionary ideals throughout Europe

16. COPS Reign of Terror Killed anyone seen as an enemy of the Republic
No one class predominately killed

17. Dechristianization Temple of Reason New calendar Removed word saint
Ended Christian holidays
Represented radical break from past controls
Removed word saint
Priest married

18. End of Radical Phase Radical attitude lessened
Ended COPS and executed leaders
Ended dechristianization process

19. Thermidorian Reaction
Terror ended
White Terror began
Churches reopened
Laissez-faire economics
New Constitution in 1795

20. Constitution of 1795 National legislative assembly: Council of 500
Initiated legislation
Council of Elders
Accepted or rejected laws
Electors chose members
electors owned or rented property worth at least 100 days labor
Electors chosen by active citizens

21. The Directory 5 man executive assembly
Council of 500 gave list to Council of Elders who chose
2/3 of members of this system must have sat on the National Convention

22. New System PPl didn’t like that members were part of Convention
Those in gov’t were corrupt and rich
Royalists wanted to restore monarchy
Left agitated by economic problems
Created coup d’etat in 1799 of Napoleon

23. Haitian Revolution

24. Saint-Domingue (aka Haiti)
Major center of sugar production
Richest of all European colonies
Was 1/3 of France’s foreign trade
40 thousand white French settlers
30 thousand gens de couleaur (free people of color)
500 thousand black slaves, most directly from Africa
Saint-Domingue (aka Haiti)

25. Society Pre-Revolution
Hard slave labor with high mortality
They would have to import more
Lots of run away (maroons) communities
Would attack plantations at times to gain basics

26. A & F Revolution’s Influence
500 gens de couleurs were sent to fight for America
Came back wanting independence from France
When FR broke out, white settlers wanted independence as well
Problem was equal rights for gens de couleurs
Civil war broke out between in May 1791

27. Slave Revolt
Slaves were first organized by a Vodou priest names Boukman
In Aug ,000 slaves started killing white settlers
Within a couple weeks, 100,000 slaves were involved

28. Slave Revolt
Whites, gens de couleurs, and slaves were all fighting each other
Slaves had way more experience with fighting and began to organize
Foreign armies (British and Spanish) came in in support of the French gov’t in 1792
Boukman died, but slave forces beat out the whites, gens de couleurs, and foreign armies

29. Toussaint L’Overture Son of a slave
Learned to read and write from a Roman Catholic priest
Became livestock overseer on the plantation
Began planting coffee on rented land to sell for himself
Became free in 1776
Joined slave rebellion in 1791

31. Finishing the Revolt L’Ouverture built a strong, disciplined army
He got all the others to fight each other instead of them
By 1797 his army had control of most of the island
In 1801 he wrote a constitution that granted equality to all citizens
He DID NOT declare independence- WHY?

32. Formation of the Republic
1802, Napoleon sent in 40,000 troops to regain control of the island
L’Ouverture was arrested and sent to France. He died in 1803 from maltreatment
Haitians drove out French troops
Independence was declared on Jan 1, 1804
ONLY SUCCESSFUL SLAVE REVOLT IN HISTORY!!!

33. Latin America

34. Social Overview of Latin America
Peninsulares
30,000
Creoles
3.5 million
10 million others
Slaves, mestizos, and mulattoes

35. Creoles Established plantations Large trade networks
Didn’t like political and economic restrictions from the crown
Liked Enlightened ideals
Small revolts about taxes
Wanted to displace peninsular, but maintain their prestige in society
They liked what America had

36. Mexico Peasant rebellion in 1810 Led by Hidalgo
Conservative Creoles captured him
Rebellion continued
He became symbol
His official date of rebellion (Sept ) is a national holiday

37. Mexico Colonial rule ended in 1821
Iturbide (Creole) declared independence
Crowned himself emperor
He was a bad administrator
He was overthrown by Creole elites
They established a republic
Southern Mexico declared independence
Became Central American Federation
Split into Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica in 1838

38. Simon Bolivar Republican Enlightened Took up arms in 1811
Crushed Spanish military in 1819 in Columbia
Combined with San Martin (Argentina) and O’Higgins ( Chile)

39. South America By 1825 Spanish had lost control
Bolivar wanted to create a confederation
Gran Columbia
Strong regional differences made Gran Columbia fail
Bolivar went to Europe and died of TB on the way there

40. Brazil
While Napoleon invaded Portugal, the royal family went to Rio de Janeiro
1821, King John went back to Portugal
Pedro agreed to Creole demands a year later
He declared independence and was crowned emperor ( )

41. Post Revolutions Creoles still dominated society
Peninsulares returned to Europe
Society still stratified
Caudillos (allied with Creoles) began to dominate
Slavery continued
Power of Roman Catholic Church stayed