1. Spain Builds an American Empire
Ch. 21, Section 1
Pages

2. Zheng He Zheng He- led 7 voyages for china
voyages ranged from Southeast Asia to eastern Africa
40 to 300 ships sailed in each expedition
27,000- sailors, soldiers, carpenters, interpreters, accountants, doctors, and religious leaders

3. Prince Henry Never personally sailed
Was highly interested in both gaining wealth and spreading Christianity through exploration
Funded a school for navigators and hopeful explorers where they could learn skills and perfect mapmaking and shipbuilding
Put himself in debt funding 14 voyages to Africa

4. Famous Portuguese Explorers
Bartolomeu Dias: Rounded tip of Africa in 1488, explored SE coast of Africa
Vasco da Gama: Explored east coast of Africa, in 1498 reached Calicut in India, giving Europeans the first direct sea route

5. Spain’s Role in Exploration
Christopher Columbus: 1492 convinced Spanish monarchs to try to find their own route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic; landed in Caribbean.
Both Spain and Portugal thought his landing spot was in the East Indies, leading to conflict.
Results: opened Western Hemisphere for colonization; increased tensions between Spain and Portugal.

6. Treaty of Tordesillas
Following Columbus’s voyage and landing in the “East Indies” Portugal and Spain disputed what lands belonged to which country
In 1493 Pope Alexander VI suggested drawing an imaginary line through the Atlantic to determine what lands belonged to each nation
The Line of Demarcation was marked and agreed upon in the Treaty of Tordesillas
Spain would have all lands west of the line and Portugal was granted lands east of the line

7. Map of Treaty of Tordesillas

8. Christopher Columbus

9. “In 1492, Columbus sailed…”
Spain wished to find a shorter trade route to China and India.
Columbus sailed west from Spain with three ships – the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria.
He and his crew reached land in October, 1492; Columbus thought he had reached the East Indies… it was actually a Caribbean island.

10. Gold & Empire Building
The island where they landed was named San Salvador; Columbus explored other islands when no gold was found here.
As other islands were discovered, these were claimed for Spain also. As riches were discovered those were sent back to Spain.
Spain wanted to establish their empire by colonizing these Caribbean islands.

11. Other Explorers of the Time
Pedro Alvares Cabral – claimed Brazil for Portugal
Amerigo Vespucci –
- Italian, but worked for Portugal
- First to claim that land was a “New World” and not part of Asia
- New continent named “America” after him

12. Magellan
1519 – First explorer to sail around the tip of South America into the Pacific Ocean.
Explored all the way to Guam and the Philippines before his death.
Supplies were scarce – only 18 men and one ship returned to Spain in 1522.

14. Conquistadors & Cortes
Spanish began colonizing the American mainland and sent Cortes to Mexico.
He and other conquerors were lured with dreams of silver and gold.
The only empire in the region with a large amount of wealth was the Aztec people.
Cortes began to negotiate with Montezuma II for a share in their gold supply.

15. The End of the Aztecs
The Aztecs saw Cortes as a god-like person because his appearance resembled Quetzalcoatl. They agreed to give him a share of their gold, food for his men, and other things.
Cortes was outnumbered but used rebellious Aztecs to fight on his side in battle.
The loyal Aztecs fought back but because of foreign disease, many died before making it into battle.
The Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, fell to Cortes in

17. The Spanish in Peru
Francisco Pizarro – 1532, conquered the Incan empire; his force of men overtook several thousand Incan troops.
Kidnapped Atahualpa, and held him for ransom; when the Spanish got the money, they strangled Atahualpa.
Remaining Incas retreated and Pizarro captured the capital, Cuzco, in 1533.

18. New Spanish Empire
During the settling of the New World, the Spanish lived among the native people. This caused a “mestizo” population, a mixing of the two races in future generations.
The Spanish forced the native people to work under the encomienda system.

19. Spain Expands…
Spain increased military power and now had a highly skilled army. They built up their naval forces to protect ships laden with treasure.
Explorers pushed further north.
- Ponce de Leon moved into modern-day Florida.

21. African Slavery and Native Resistance
The Spanish abolished the encomienda system in 1542 – inhumane.
Decided to use Africans for labor instead of natives.
Natives were still restless because of the strong presence of Catholic priests.

22. The Portuguese in Brazil
1530s – The settlers began to settle coastal Brazil; since these settlers found no gold, they began to plant sugar.
The Portuguese built giant sugar plantations, causing them to push further west into Brazil.
Brazil will later become the leading country in importing Africans for use on these sugar plantations.