1. Dictators, Leadership Challenges, and Ethnic Clashes

2. Warm-Up Questions
CPS Questions (1 - 2)
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

3. Overview
How ethnic and sectarian politics undermine democracy in Africa
The tensions between Arabs and Africans in Sudan
The tensions between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda
The tensions between Afrikaners, English, and Africans in Zimbabwe and South Africa
The civil wars of Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Congo
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

4. (Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS)
Quick Write
Why do you think Nelson Mandela’s example of leadership was important to South Africa?
To Africa as a whole?
(Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS)
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

5. How Ethnic and Sectarian Politics Undermine Democracy in Africa
Dictators make it difficult to hold free elections
Sectarian politics hinders justice and equal treatment under the law
Ethnic clashes severely deter economic development
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

6. The Tensions Between Arabs and Africans in Sudan
1956: Sudan gained independence
Fell into civil war almost immediately
The war lasted 17 years
Violence, famine, and disease killed more than 2 million people
Chapter 3, Lesson 3
Abraham McLaughlin / © 2005 The Christian Science Monitor

7. The Tensions Between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda
85% of Rwanda’s people are Hutus—they were the original inhabitants
Tutsi people began moving into Rwanda in 15th Century
They gradually subjugated—conquered or subdued—the Hutus
1959: Hutus overthrew Tutsis
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

8. The Tensions Between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda, cont.
Meanwhile Rwandan exiles banded together as the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)
1990: RPF invaded—this started a civil war
July, 1992: Ceasefire
Chapter 3, Lesson 3
Melanie Stetson Freeman / © 2006 The Christian Science Monitor

9. The Tensions Between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda, cont.
1994: Aircraft carrying president of Rwanda shot down
Militia groups started to kill Tutsis or moderate Hutus
Chaos that ensued was genocide
As many as 1 million people murdered
May 2003: Rwanda’s new constitution eliminated reference to ethnicity
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

10. There was tension between the Afrikaners and the British, too
Tensions Between Afrikaners, English, & Africans in Zimbabwe & South Africa
Union of South Africa formed in 1910: All political power remained in white hands
There was tension between the Afrikaners and the British, too
In 1948 election, the Reconstituted National Party (HNP) ran on a platform called “apartheid”—total separation of the races
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

11. Tensions Between Afrikaners, English, & Africans in Zimbabwe & South Africa, cont.
1912: Black South Africans’ efforts to end restrictions began—founded African National Congress (ANC)
1960s: government banned the ANC
Nelson Mandela and others went to prison
Chapter 3, Lesson 3
R. Norman Matheny / © 1984 The Christian Science Monitor

12. Tensions Between Afrikaners, English, & Africans in Zimbabwe & South Africa, cont.
Black protests (1976, 1985) convinced some National Party members time had come for change
1990: government lifted ban on the ANC and released Mandela from prison
In first-ever nonracial elections, South Africans elected Mandela as president
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

13. The Civil Wars of Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Congo
Americo-Liberians ruled Liberia rather than indigenous Africans
1980: An indigenous Liberian seized power
1989: a band of rebels invaded by Charles Taylor
Ensuing civil war took more than 200,000 lives
Ultimately Taylor went into exile in Nigeria
2005: Liberians voted again in the freest, fairest, and most peaceful elections
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

14. The Civil Wars of Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Congo, cont.
1991: the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) attacked villages near Sierra Leone’s Liberian border
Seeking control of diamond mines
National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) took power
Eventually the international community stepped in
2002: President Kabbah declared end to the civil war
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

15. The Civil Wars of Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Congo, cont.
The 1997 Civil War in the Congo (Brazzaville):
Lissouba
Sassou-Nguesso
Kolelas
Violence caused great destruction and death
1999: government signed agreements with rebel groups; Lissouba and Kolelas refused to take part, and were exiled
Sassou-Nguesso won the presidential election
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

16. The Civil Wars of Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Congo, cont.
1965: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mobutu Sese Seko had taken power in a coup
1996: Laurent-Désiré Kabila formed an armed group (AFDL) whose goal was to oust Mobutu
Supported by forces from Rwanda and Uganda, the AFDL began a campaign
Kabila declared himself president
A military deadlock led to the Lusaka Accord in August 1999
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

17. Learning Check Questions
CPS Questions (3 - 4)
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

18. Find and circle the vocabulary
Activity 1: Dictators, Leadership Challenges, and Ethnic Clashes Review
Find and circle the vocabulary
words in the puzzle.
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

19. Activity 2: Bringing Rwandans Home
Do you think President Kagame did the right thing? Why or why not?
If you were in the same situation, would you be able to live as neighbors with those who may have participated in the genocide? Why or why not?
Do you think it is a good policy to outlaw references to ethnicity in today’s Rwanda? Why or why not?
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

20. Activity 3: Cause and Effect of Various Conflicts
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

21. Activity 3: Cause and Effect of Various Conflicts
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

22. Technology Enrichment: Genocide and Intervention
What was the cause of the genocide?
What was the extent of the government’s involvement in the genocide?
How was the genocide stopped?
What peacekeeping efforts are going on, if any?
What would you do to prevent the genocide from recurring?
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

23. Review
Sectarian politics hinders justice and equal treatment under the law
Sudan’s civil war lasted 20 years
During that time, violence, famine, and disease killed more than 2 million people
As many as 1 million people were murdered during the Rwandan Genocide of 1994
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

24. Review, cont.
In their first-ever nonracial elections, South Africans elected Nelson Mandela as their president in 1994
The Liberian Civil War from 1989 to 1996 took more than 200,000 lives
A military deadlock in the Democratic Republic of the Congo led to the Lusaka Accord August 1999
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

25. Review Questions CPS Questions (5 – 6)
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

26. Summary
How ethnic and sectarian politics undermine democracy in Africa
The tensions between Arabs and Africans in Sudan
The tensions between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda
The tensions between Afrikaners, English, and Africans in Zimbabwe and South Africa
The civil wars of Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Congo
Chapter 3, Lesson 3

27. Next…. Done—Dictators, Leadership Challenges, and Ethnic Clashes
Next—AIDS, Health, Poverty, and Human Rights
Chapter 3, Lesson 3
Mary Knox Merrill / © 2009 The Christian Science Monitor