1. How to Study for Exams
Space your review out over several days, don’t try to do it all at once.
Focus on Understanding not Memorization
Step 1: Identify the information to be tested.
complete review guide,
read over notes provided by teacher
review Quizlet if available
Step 2: Identify what you don’t know (this is what you should spend the most time with)
Write down questions you have about this material
Seek out the answers to these questions
Step 3: Learning is active, do something with the material you need to master (don’t just re-read)
Write your own review questions, then answer them
Chunk the material and write summaries
Make flash cards
Draw a picture of the information
Create graphic notes (venn diagrams, flow charts, web maps, timelines)
Rank the information (by importance, based on your comfort, least interesting to most)
Step 4: Learning is social, Review with a friend or parent
Quiz each other on the material
Take turns reading your summaries
Explain your notes to them, teach the material
Compare your answers to the review guide- identify difference and look up the information to see who is right.

2. Chapter 18: An Era of Reform
Second Great Awakening: a revival of religious feelings and belief from the 1800s to 1840.
Appealed to peoples emotion and offered the idea that everyone can gain forgiveness (saved for good work).
Led to other reform movements (Prison, education, abolition and women’s rights)
Transcendentalism a philosophy emphasizing that people should transcend or go beyond logical thinking to reach true understanding with the help of emotions and intuition.
Trust your emotions and gut (intuition)
Question societies rules
Don’t conform
Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau (were a famous transcendentalists)

3. Prison Reform: Dorthea Dix: leading reformer..
Saw dirty overcrowded prisons
Felt resolved to fight for the rights of the mentally ill
Wrote reports about what she saw and worked to change the laws and conditions.
Conditions before reform:
Prisoners locked up in cages
horrible treatment of prisoners debtors, mentally ill
Bound in chains, whipped
children and hardened criminals all locked up together
Reforms:
Massachusetts and other states created public asylums for mentally ill.
State governments stopped putting debtors in prison
Most states created special justice systems for children
Many states outlawed cruel punishment

4. Horace Mann leading reformer
Education Reform: goal was to create a public school system for all people. Improved schooling for all ages (high school and colleges) Women and African Americans still faced discrimination
Horace Mann leading reformer
Saw poor children stealing and destroying property when they should have been in school.
Spoke out about the need for public school
Believed that women and African Americans should have more educational opportunity
Conditions Before Reform
Schools were often part time
Single room school house
Teachers had limited education
Teachers receive little pay
Reforms
In Massachusetts citizens voted to pay teachers higher salaries
Massachusetts also established special training schools for teachers
By 1850, white boys in many states attended free public schools
In 1860s most public universities accepted female students.

5. Abolition
Abolitionist: a person who supports abolition or the ending of slavery.
Influential abolitionists included:
William Lloyd Garrison -wrote the Liberator & called for immediate emancipation
White man outraged by slavery
Proslavery groups attacked him and destroyed his printing press and burned his house
Fredrick Douglass -former slave, wrote the North Star
As a slave witnessed brutal and cruel treatments
Wrote about his experiences and the injustice of slavery
Spoke to abolition groups about the conditions of slavery
Sojourner Truth -former slave, well known speaker (Ain’t I a women), also took part in women’s rights movement
Saw women and African Americans being treated as inferior (less than)
Preached and spoke out about injustices slaves and women faced
Felt optimistic that God will end slavery peacefully
The abolition movement paved the way for the women’s movement because women working towards abolition began to see their own oppression

6. Women’s Rights Suffrage the right to vote
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott and Lucy Stone attended an abolition convention in London and were outraged when they were not allowed to participate. So they started the movement to gain equal rights for women (suffrage, own property, control money, hold office)
Seneca Falls Convention the gathering of supporters for women’s rights in July 1848 that launched the movement for women’s suffrage
The suffrage campaign would continue until 1920 (19th amendment) Other rights were achieved more quickly
Declaration of Sentiments a formal statement of injustices suffered by women, written by the organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention. Modeled on the Declaration of Independence. Sentiments means beliefs or convictions.
Susan B. Anthony – leader in the women’s rights movement. Called for fair treatment for women and suffrage.
Conditions Before Reform
Men controlled wives money and property
Husbands can discipline wives however they want
Women could not speak in public
Women have no representation in government
Reforms
Massachusetts and Indiana passed more liberal divorce laws
Elizabeth Blackwell started her own hospital and medical school
Eventually women got the right to vote