1. AGENDA – 9/17 Share about our weekends
Alaina and Abby will present their god/dess assignment
Sub Friday – talk about it
Herodotus’ Histories – get it out (but don’t turn it in yet)
Today: talk about the test and writing, finish Greco-Persian Wars, writing practice
Homework: reading and notes! Quiz on WEDNESDAY. I MOVED IT BACK ONE DAY. (Persia/Greece)

2. The Persian Wars vs

4. GRECO-PERSIAN WARS: WHY DID THEY START?
Ethnic Greeks living in Ionia (coast of Turkey) rebelled against the Persians, with the help of some city-states (especially Athens)
Persian rulers put down the rebellion and invaded Greece as punishment
Two major invasions – 490BCE (Darius) and 480BCE (Xerxes)
Really, what’s going on here is that there are people in Ionia who are experiencing the first ‘philosophical revolution’ – ways to explain the world without religion. They want to liberate other cities, like Sardis, to join them in their ‘newfound freedom.’
Remember – Ionia was a Greek colony – but that region had been conquered by the Lydians, who were part of the Persian Empire.
The First Persian War. Darius attacked Naxos in Ionia (western coast lands of Turkey) in 499 BCE because its people rebelled, but after four months the Persians were forced to withdraw. The Ionians became over-confident and revolted against Persia, setting up a new government.
The Ionian leader, however, knew Persia was strong and asked Sparta and Athens for help. Sparta declined but Athens sent twenty ships. The Ionians were able to conquer Sardis (today, in Turkey) but were eventually defeated by the Persians. King Darius showed mercy towards the Ionians and did not punish them. The Athenians, however, needed to be taught a lesson not to interfere. King Darius attacked Athens in 490 BCE at the Battle of Marathon. Persia, however, suffered a defeat there, and a runner ran back to Athens to tell of the Greek victory while the Persians retreated
Athens jumps all over this bc they looooove philosophy and freedom. Thus begins the Persian Wars. Darius shuts down the revolt and razes Miletus, and then has an excuse to try to conquer Greece (bc Athens sent aid to Miletus). Also, while all of this was happening, the Persian empire was growing through Thrace and the Greek city-states saw that as a threat. Plus, Persia kinda wants to take over the world

5. GRECO-PERSIAN WARS: WHY DID THEY START?
Some Greek poleis were in support of the Persian Empire. Why?
Really, what’s going on here is that there are people in Ionia who are experiencing the first ‘philosophical revolution’ – ways to explain the world without religion. Tyrant of Miletus wants to take over the island Naxos, They want to liberate other cities, like Sardis, to join them in their ‘newfound freedom.’
Remember – Ionia was a Greek colony – but that region had been conquered by the Lydians, who were part of the Persian Empire.
The First Persian War. Darius attacked Naxos in Ionia (western coast lands of Turkey) in 499 BCE because its people rebelled, but after four months the Persians were forced to withdraw. The Ionians became over-confident and revolted against Persia, setting up a new government.
The Ionian leader, however, knew Persia was strong and asked Sparta and Athens for help. Sparta declined but Athens sent twenty ships. The Ionians were able to conquer Sardis (today, in Turkey) but were eventually defeated by the Persians. King Darius showed mercy towards the Ionians and did not punish them. The Athenians, however, needed to be taught a lesson not to interfere. King Darius attacked Athens in 490 BCE at the Battle of Marathon. Persia, however, suffered a defeat there, and a runner ran back to Athens to tell of the Greek victory while the Persians retreated
Athens jumps all over this bc they looooove philosophy and freedom. Thus begins the Persian Wars. Darius shuts down the revolt and razes Miletus, and then has an excuse to try to conquer Greece (bc Athens sent aid to Miletus). Also, while all of this was happening, the Persian empire was growing through Thrace and the Greek city-states saw that as a threat. Plus, Persia kinda wants to take over the world

6. GRECO-PERSIAN WARS: WHY DID THEY START?
Athens and Sparta, most notably, were not. Why?
Really, what’s going on here is that there are people in Ionia who are experiencing the first ‘philosophical revolution’ – ways to explain the world without religion. Tyrant of Miletus wants to take over the island Naxos, They want to liberate other cities, like Sardis, to join them in their ‘newfound freedom.’
Remember – Ionia was a Greek colony – but that region had been conquered by the Lydians, who were part of the Persian Empire.
The First Persian War. Darius attacked Naxos in Ionia (western coast lands of Turkey) in 499 BCE because its people rebelled, but after four months the Persians were forced to withdraw. The Ionians became over-confident and revolted against Persia, setting up a new government.
The Ionian leader, however, knew Persia was strong and asked Sparta and Athens for help. Sparta declined but Athens sent twenty ships. The Ionians were able to conquer Sardis (today, in Turkey) but were eventually defeated by the Persians. King Darius showed mercy towards the Ionians and did not punish them. The Athenians, however, needed to be taught a lesson not to interfere. King Darius attacked Athens in 490 BCE at the Battle of Marathon. Persia, however, suffered a defeat there, and a runner ran back to Athens to tell of the Greek victory while the Persians retreated
Athens jumps all over this bc they looooove philosophy and freedom. Thus begins the Persian Wars. Darius shuts down the revolt and razes Miletus, and then has an excuse to try to conquer Greece (bc Athens sent aid to Miletus). Also, while all of this was happening, the Persian empire was growing through Thrace and the Greek city-states saw that as a threat. Plus, Persia kinda wants to take over the world

7. GRECO-PERSIAN WARS: Fighting style
Phalanx vs
Greek hoplites carried bronze shields and spears – in phalanx formation. Persians were originally pastoral nomads – they preferred fighting on horseback, using bows and arrows,

8. GRECO-PERSIAN WARS: MAJOR EVENTS
Battle of Marathon 490 BCE
10,000 vs somewhere between 15,000 and 600,000
Athenians defeat Darius’s troops
Really smart military strategy – athenians pushed the weak flanks back and then doubled back to encircle the immortals and kill them all.
Persian army was waiting in the waters near Athens, about to attack the city because all of their soldiers were away – so Phidipidies sprints back to Athens – 26.2 miles – and yells “we have won!” and then collapses and dies. The women and slaves in the city feared that the Persian navy would attack in retaliation of their loss, so they holed up in the acropolis and armed themselves with metal objects – spears, swords, pots, etc – the sun reflected off of their weapons and the persians assumed that the city was ready for battle, so they never attacked because they didn’t want to be humiliated again

9. GRECO-PERSIAN WARS: MAJOR EVENTS
Quick discussion:
What does this mean for the Greek poleis?
Huge win for the Greeks!
Democracy vs. despotism (autocracy/monarchy)

10. GRECO-PERSIAN WARS: MAJOR EVENTS
Crossing the Hellespont – 480BCE
Darius is gone. Xerxes is in. He’s ready to finish what his dad started.
HE BUILDS A BRIDGE OF BOATS to cross the Hellespont
The first time he builds the bridge, it was destroyed by the sea – high tides and strong winds. There are records of him sending his men out to the water to whip it and punish it… why would he do that? According to Herodotus, it took his army a week to cross this.

11. GRECO-PERSIAN WARS: MAJOR EVENTS
Battle of Thermopylae 480BCE (aka, the ‘Hot Gates’)
Xerxes invades and defeats Spartans (think: the movie 300)
Offered peace a ton of times; Leonidas says no
“Molon labe” : “Come and take them”
There were probably about 3000ish men alongside the Spartans. Spartans were chosen to be the leaders of the battle, for obv reasons. They actually had people stationed at the goat path and they quickly gave up to the Persians once the Persians found it. Spartans were the ones mainly defending the Hot Gates – the pass itself. XERXES DID NOT WANT TO KILL ALL OF THEM. Xerxes said a ton of times ‘hey, let us have this land and expand our empire, and you’ll be able to keep your freedom,’ to which Leonidas responded ‘no.’ Again, Xerxes says “lay down your weapons” and Leonidas responds “come and take them”
Ephialtes – a Spartan soldier – betrays his polis for riches, tells the Persians of a goat path that would take them around the Spartans, the Persians do it, and kill them all. Spartans send the main army away to protect them, and the Spartans, alone with 1100 other Greeks, alone defend the hot gates

12. GRECO-PERSIAN WARS: MAJOR EVENTS
Battle of Salamis 480BCE
Athenian naval victory over Xerxes’s forces (decisive battle of the war)
According to some historians, arguably the most important battle in all of world history
BATTLE OF SALAMIS IS ARGUABLY THE MOST IMPORTANT BATTLE IN WORLD HISTORY. What would have happened had Persia won??!?! Predict! Also, Themistocles was the one who decided that Athens needed to build a navy – none of them were great hoplites – but after the first Persian War he thought that Persia would attack again and they needed to be able to defend Greece – and no one could match the strength of Persia’s army. No. One.

13. GRECO-PERSIAN WARS: WHAT WAS THE RESULT OF THE WARS?
Greeks win and remain independent
Persia does not collapse – it just doesn’t conquer Greece
Leads to the Golden Age of Greece and the height of Athenian power
(and then Alexander the Great conquers everyone, but we’ll get there next time)

14. WRITING SKILLS DAY
THE BEST!

15. HOW TO WRITE GOOD SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (SAQs)
It’s easy! ACE it!
Answer the question.
Cite specific evidence.
Explain how the evidence supports your answer.
This is the same thing as CER (claim, evidence, reasoning) and APE (answer, provide, explain)

16. Let’s practice
“Identify and explain one change from your middle school years to your high school years.” Answer the question. Cite specific evidence. Explain how the evidence supports your answer.

17. Let’s practice
“Identify and explain one change from your middle school years to your high school years.” One thing that changed from middle school to high school was my height. From 6th grade to my freshman year, I grew from 5’ to 5’8. This is because my growth spurt occurred during 8th grade, and I grew six inches that year.

18. Let’s practice
“Identify and explain one change from your middle school years to your high school years.” One thing that changed from middle school to high school was my writing skill. In sixth grade, I was a weak writer, and struggled with articulating my thoughts; by my senior year of high school, I was an excellent writer and made A’s on most of my English papers. This changed because, as I grew older, I grew smarter. I also had excellent English teachers, such as Ms. Rogers, who helped me learn how to make a coherent argument supported by evidence.

19. Let’s practice
Identify and explain one way in which the Persians maintained control over their empire.

20. Let’s practice – this time with history
Identify and explain one way in which the Persians maintained control over their empire.
One way the Persians maintained control over their empire was the creation of a road system. Darius I facilitated the creation of the Royal Road, which connected the western half of the empire to the two capital cities – Susa and Persepolis - in the southeast. This road helped the Persians maintain control over their massive empire because it allowed for the spread of news across the major cities, and created a safe, stable travel route for messengers and the army.

21. Let’s practice
Identify and explain one political similarity between Classical Persia and the United States.

22. Let’s practice
Identify and explain one cultural difference between Athens and Sparta.

23. Let’s practice
Identify and explain one difference between Persia and contemporary civilizations (aka – civilizations that existed at the same time).