1. Urbanization and Industrialization

2. Objectives
7.01- Assess the degree to which discoveries, innovations, and technologies, have accelerated, change.
7.03- Examine the causes and effects of industrialization and cite its major costs and benefits.

3. What is Urbanization? Urbanization
City building and the movement of people to the cities

4. Urbanization increased dramatically:
What was forcing families/people to the cities?
–Poor families lived in apartments called tenements
–Lacked running water or sanitation
–Hard factory jobs and disease led to short life expectancies for urban workers
–The increase in population and enclosure of farms forced people to move to cities

5. Why are people moving to the cities?
People can make more money in factories
Causes more people to live in cities than in the country
Growth of factory system

6. Living conditions
What problems could arise when cities grow at a rapid rate?
No planning
Sanitation
Building codes
Inadequate housing
Lack of education

7. Living conditions
Tenement housing

9. Living conditions
No Sanitation

10. No Environmental Regulation

11. SweatShops

12. Working Conditions Work week Factories Workers 14 hour days
6 days a week
Factories
Not well lit
Dangerous
Workers
Often injured
No workers comp

15. Working Conditions Upton Sinclair, “The Jungle”
Book about the meat packing industry in America

16. Upstairs and Downstairs Life

17. Changing Class Structure
■Social class system changed as ownership of land stopped being the most important factor:
–Industrial capitalists who owned factories
–The middle class grew because of growth of engineers, managers, shopkeepers
–The bottom class urban poor
At the top were the industrial capitalists who gained wealth by owning factories
–The middle class grew because of growth of engineers, managers, shopkeepers
–The bottom class grew because of the size of the urban poor who worked for low wages in factories

18. Class Tensions Grow Growing gaps between wealthy and poor
Middle class develops
Skilled workers, business men, factory owners
The working class
See no improvement to their standards of living
Some tried to destroy the machines

20. Case Study: The Mills of Manchester
“From this filthy sewer pure gold flows”
Perfect example of the IR
The first Factory Act passed in 1819
Restricted working age and hours

21. The Day of a Child Laborer
Describe what you do step by step in a typical day.

22. The Day of a Child Laborer
William Cooper starting working in a textile mill at ten. Cooper was called to testify about the conditions among children in the textile industry.

24. The Day of a Child Laborer
■The Industrial Revolution changed the lives of many children:
–Rather than working for their parents on family farms, many children in the cities worked in factories, brickyards, or mines
–Living in cities was expensive so poor families needed their kids to work
–Child workers earned 10% of an adult wage, worked long hours in dangerous conditions, were often beaten

25. Review Q’s
Which is not a reason people flocked to the cities during the IR?
A. People wanted to be closer to their families
B. There were more job opportunities in the cities
C. Jobs in the cities paid more money
D. Wealthy individuals were buying up small farms

26. Review Q’s
What social class expanded as a result of industrialization?
Upper Class
Middle Class
Lower Class
All classes experienced growth during the Industrial Revolution

27. Review Q’s
What were some negative effects the rapid growth of cities caused in people’s lives?
Housing was up kept to support the growing population
New sewers were installed
Disease was spread rapidly with people living in close quarters
Children had plenty of time to attend school

28. Review Q’s
Which was not a result of class tensions during the industrial revolution?
A. The working class did not see improvements to their lives
B. The middle class grew the most during the Industrial Revolution
C. Some of the working class rebelled and destroyed machinery in the factories
D. All of the above occured

29. Review Q’s
The industrial revolution has been described as a mixed blessing, write a statement that explains this idea?