Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

TELE3119: Trusted Networks Week 2

Similar presentations


Presentation on theme: "TELE3119: Trusted Networks Week 2"— Presentation transcript:

1 TELE3119: Trusted Networks Week 2
Course Coordinator: Prof. Aruna Seneviratne, Room EE 312 Course web-page:

2 Basic View of Cryptography
Access & Availability Confidentiality Integrity Authentication Cryptography Symmetric Asymmetric Protocols Stream Ciphers Block Ciphers Trusted Networks

3 Key distribution? In a symmetric crypto system how would you distribute the keys? A key could be selected by A and physically delivered to B. A third party could select the key and physically deliver it to A and B. If A and B have previously and recently used a key, one party could transmit the new key to the other, encrypted using the old key. If A and B each have an encrypted connection to a third party C (i.e. a key distribution center), C could deliver a key on the encrypted links to A and B. But for A communicating to B for the first time, the only viable option is (1) which is not practical specially for real time communications

4 Public Key Cryptography
Radically different approach [Diffie-Hellman76, RSA78] sender, receiver do not share secret key public encryption key known to all private decryption key known only to receiver

5 Public Key Cryptography - Operation
+ K Bob’s public key B - Bob’s private key K B plaintext message, m encryption algorithm ciphertext decryption algorithm plaintext message K (m) B + m = K (K (m)) B + -

6 Public Key Encryption Algorithms
requirements: . . + - 1 need K ( ) and K ( ) such that B B K (K (m)) = m B - + + 2 given public key K , it should be impossible to compute private key K B - B RSA: Rivest, Shamir, Adelson algorithm

7 Prerequisite: Modular Arithmetic
Let a, r, m ε ℤ and m > 0 then a ≡ r mod m if m | (a-r) [m divides (a-r)] x mod n = remainder of x when divided by n facts: [(a mod n) + (b mod n)] mod n = (a+b) mod n [(a mod n) - (b mod n)] mod n = (a-b) mod n [(a mod n) * (b mod n)] mod n = (a*b) mod n thus (a mod n)d mod n = ad mod n example: x=14, n=10, d=2: (x mod n)d mod n = 42 mod 10 = 6 xd = 142 = xd mod 10 = 6

8 RSA: Preliminaries (1) Example: Message (m): just a bit pattern
bit pattern can be uniquely represented by an integer number encrypting a message is equivalent to encrypting a number Example: m= Uniquely represented by the decimal number 145. Encrypt m, Encrypt the 145, which gives a new number (the ciphertext).

9 RSA: Preliminaries (2) A prime number is a whole number greater than 1 whose only factors are 1 and itself. A factor is a whole numbers that can be divided evenly into another number.  The greatest common factor, or GCF, is the greatest factor that divides two numbers. List the prime factors of each number. Multiply those factors both numbers have in common. If there are no common prime factors, the GCF is 1. Two integers a and b are said to be relatively prime, mutually prime, or coprime if the only positive integer (factor) that divides both of them is 1. Trusted Networks

10 RSA: Creating public/private key pair
1. choose two large prime numbers p, q. (e.g., 1024 bits each) 2. Compute the modulus n = pq and the totient , ϕ (n) or z = (p-1)(q-1) 3. Choose an integer e (with 1<e<z) that has no common factors with z (e, z are “relatively prime” or “co-prime”). 4. choose d such that e.d-1 is exactly divisible by z. (in other words: ed mod z = 1 ). 5. public key is (n,e). private key is (n,d). K B + -

11 RSA: encryption, decryption
0. given (n,e) and (n,d) as computed above 1. to encrypt message m (<n), compute c = m mod n e 2. to decrypt received bit pattern, c, compute m = c mod n d magic happens! m = (m mod n) e mod n d c

12 Bob chooses p=5, q=7. Then n=35, z=24.
RSA example: Bob chooses p=5, q=7. Then n=35, z=24. e=5 (so e, z relatively prime). d=29 (so ed-1 exactly divisible by z). encrypting 8-bit messages. e c = m mod n e bit pattern m m encrypt: 0000l000 12 24832 17 c m = c mod n d 17 12 decrypt:

13 Why does RSA work? Encryption: c = me mod n Decryption: m = cd mod n
Given pub = <e,n> and priv = <d, n> n = p x q, z = (p-1)(q-1) e.d = 1 mod z x e. d = x mod n Encryption: c = me mod n Decryption: m = cd mod n (me mod n)d mod n = me . d mod n m mod n = m since m <n

14 Example Alice and Bob get public numbers
p = 23, g = 9 Alice and Bob compute public values X = 94 mod 23 = mod 23 = 6 Y = 93 mod 23 = 729 mod = 16 Alice and Bob exchange public numbers

15 Example (cnt’d) Alice and Bob compute symmetric keys
ka = ya mod p = 164 mod 23 = 9 kb = xb mod p = 63 mod 23 = 9

16 RSA: another important property
The following property will be very useful later: K (K (m)) = m B - + K (K (m)) = use public key first, followed by private key use private key first, followed by public key result is the same!

17 Why ? K (K (m)) = m K (K (m)) - + = B
follows directly from modular arithmetic: (me mod n)d mod n = med mod n = mde mod n = (md mod n)e mod n

18 Why is RSA secure? Fact: factoring a big number is hard
Suppose you know Bob’s public key (n,e). How hard is it to determine d? Essentially need to find factors of n without knowing the two factors p and q Fact: factoring a big number is hard

19 RSA in practice: session keys
Exponentiation in RSA is computationally intensive DES is at least 100 times faster than RSA Use public key crypto to establish secure connection, then establish second key – symmetric session key – for encrypting data session key, KS Bob and Alice use RSA to exchange a symmetric key KS Once both have KS, they use symmetric key cryptography

20 Summary Asymmetric Encryption RSA Algorithm Why RSA works
Trusted Networks

21 Basic View of Cryptography
Access & Availability Confidentiality Integrity Authentication Cryptography Symmetric Asymmetric Protocols Stream Ciphers Block Ciphers Trusted Networks

22 Protocol ap1.0: Alice says “I am Alice”
Authentication Goal: Bob wants Alice to “prove” her identity to him Protocol ap1.0: Alice says “I am Alice” “I am Alice” Failure scenario?? Security 8-22

23 Authentication Goal: Bob wants Alice to “prove” her identity to him
Protocol ap1.0: Alice says “I am Alice” in a network, Bob can not “see” Alice, so Trudy simply declares herself to be Alice “I am Alice” Security 8-23

24 Authentication: another try
Protocol ap2.0: Alice says “I am Alice” in an IP packet containing her source IP address “I am Alice” Alice’s IP address Failure scenario?? Security 8-24

25 Authentication: another try
Protocol ap2.0: Alice says “I am Alice” in an IP packet containing her source IP address Trudy can create a packet “spoofing” Alice’s address “I am Alice” Alice’s IP address Security 8-25

26 Authentication: another try
Protocol ap3.0: Alice says “I am Alice” and sends her secret password to “prove” it. “I’m Alice” Alice’s IP addr password Failure scenario?? OK Alice’s IP addr Security 8-26

27 Authentication: another try
Protocol ap3.0: Alice says “I am Alice” and sends her secret password to “prove” it. Alice’s IP addr Alice’s password “I’m Alice” playback attack: Trudy records Alice’s packet and later plays it back to Bob OK Alice’s IP addr “I’m Alice” Alice’s IP addr password Security 8-27

28 Authentication: yet another try
Protocol ap3.1: Alice says “I am Alice” and sends her encrypted secret password to “prove” it. “I’m Alice” Alice’s IP addr encrypted password Failure scenario?? OK Alice’s IP addr Security 8-28

29 Authentication: yet another try
Protocol ap3.1: Alice says “I am Alice” and sends her encrypted secret password to “prove” it. Alice’s IP addr encrypted password “I’m Alice” record and playback still works! OK Alice’s IP addr “I’m Alice” Alice’s IP addr encrypted password Security 8-29

30 Authentication: yet another try
Goal: avoid playback attack nonce: number (R) used only once-in-a-lifetime ap4.0: to prove Alice “live”, Bob sends Alice nonce, R. Alice must return R, encrypted with shared secret key “I am Alice” R K (R) A-B Alice is live, and only Alice knows key to encrypt nonce, so it must be Alice! Failures, drawbacks? Security 8-30

31 “send me your public key”
Authentication: ap5.0 ap4.0 requires shared symmetric key can we authenticate using public key techniques? ap5.0: use nonce, public key cryptography “I am Alice” Bob computes R (K (R)) = R A - K + K (R) A - and knows only Alice could have the private key, that encrypted R such that “send me your public key” K A + (K (R)) = R A - K + Security 8-31

32 sends m to Alice encrypted with Alice’s public key
ap5.0: security hole man (or woman) in the middle attack: Trudy poses as Alice (to Bob) and as Bob (to Alice) I am Alice I am Alice R T K (R) - R Send me your public key A K (R) - T K + Send me your public key A K + T K (m) + Trudy gets T m = K (K (m)) + - A K (m) + A m = K (K (m)) + - sends m to Alice encrypted with Alice’s public key Security 8-32

33 ap5.0: security hole difficult to detect:
man (or woman) in the middle attack: Trudy poses as Alice (to Bob) and as Bob (to Alice) difficult to detect: Bob receives everything that Alice sends, and vice versa. (e.g., so Bob, Alice can meet one week later and recall conversation!) problem is that Trudy receives all messages as well! Security 8-33

34 Summary Understand the challenges of authentication Trusted Networks

35 Basic View of Cryptography
Access & Availability Confidentiality Integrity Authentication Cryptography Symmetric Asymmetric Protocols Stream Ciphers Block Ciphers Trusted Networks

36 Digital signatures (1) cryptographic technique analogous to hand-written signatures: sender (Bob) digitally signs document, establishing he is document owner/creator. verifiable, nonforgeable: recipient (Alice) can prove to someone that Bob, and no one else (including Alice), must have signed document

37 Bob’s message, m, signed (encrypted) with his private key
Digital signatures (2) simple digital signature for message m: Bob signs m by encrypting with his private key KB, creating “signed” message, KB(m) - - K B - Bob’s message, m Bob’s private key - m,K (m) B Dear Alice Oh, how I have missed you. I think of you all the time! …(blah blah blah) Bob Bob’s message, m, signed (encrypted) with his private key Public key encryption algorithm

38 Digital signatures (3) - suppose Alice receives msg m, with signature: m, KB(m) Alice verifies m signed by Bob by applying Bob’s public key KB to KB(m) then checks KB(KB(m) ) = m. If KB(KB(m) ) = m, whoever signed m must have used Bob’s private key. + - + - + - Alice thus verifies that: Bob signed m no one else signed m Bob signed m and not m‘ non-repudiation: Alice can take m, and signature KB(m) to court and prove that Bob signed m -

39 Message Digests large Message m H: Hash Function computationally expensive to public-key-encrypt long messages goal: fixed-length, easy- to-compute digital “fingerprint” apply hash function H to m, get fixed size message digest, H(m). H(m) Hash function properties: many-to-1 produces fixed-size msg digest (fingerprint) given message digest x, computationally infeasible to find m such that x = H(m)

40 Internet checksum poor crypto hash function
Internet checksum has some properties of hash function: produces fixed length digest (16-bit sum) of message is many-to-one But given message with given hash value, it is easy to find another message with same hash value: message ASCII format message ASCII format I O U 1 9 B O B 49 4F 55 31 E 39 39 42 D2 42 I O U 9 9 B O B 49 4F 55 39 E 31 39 42 D2 42 B2 C1 D2 AC B2 C1 D2 AC different messages but identical checksums!

41 Digital signature = signed message digest
Bob sends digitally signed message: Alice verifies signature, integrity of digitally signed message: large message m H: Hash function H(m) KB(H(m)) - encrypted msg digest Bob’s private key digital signature (encrypt) large message m K B - Bob’s public key digital signature (decrypt) K B + H: Hash function KB(H(m)) - encrypted msg digest + H(m) H(m) Equal ?

42 Hash Function Algorithms
MD5 hash function widely used (RFC 1321) computes 128-bit message digest in 4-step process. arbitrary 128-bit string x, appears difficult to construct msg m whose MD5 hash is equal to x SHA-1 is also used US standard [NIST, FIPS PUB 180-1] 160-bit message digest

43 Public-key Certification
motivation: Trudy plays pizza prank on Bob Trudy creates order: Dear Pizza Store, Please deliver to me four pepperoni pizzas. Thank you, Bob Trudy signs order with her private key Trudy sends order to Pizza Store Trudy sends to Pizza Store her public key, but says it’s Bob’s public key Pizza Store verifies signature; then delivers four pepperoni pizzas to Bob Bob doesn’t even like pepperoni Security 8-43

44 Certification Authorities
certification authority (CA): binds public key to particular entity, E. E (person, router) registers its public key with CA. E provides “proof of identity” to CA. CA creates certificate binding E to its public key. certificate containing E’s public key digitally signed by CA – CA says “this is E’s public key” digital signature (encrypt) K B + Bob’s public key K B + CA private key certificate for Bob’s public key, signed by CA - Bob’s identifying information K CA Security 8-44

45 Certification Authorities
when Alice wants Bob’s public key: gets Bob’s certificate (Bob or elsewhere). apply CA’s public key to Bob’s certificate, get Bob’s public key K B + digital signature (decrypt) Bob’s public key K B + CA public key + K CA Security 8-45

46 Secure e-mail . - Alice wants to send confidential e-mail, m, to Bob.
KS( ) . KB( ) + - KS(m ) KB(KS ) m KS KB Internet Alice: Generates random symmetric private key, KS Encrypts message with KS (for efficiency) Also encrypts KS with Bob’s public key Sends both KS(m) and KB(KS) to Bob Security 8-46

47 Secure e-mail . - Alice wants to send confidential e-mail, m, to Bob.
KS( ) . KB( ) + - KS(m ) KB(KS ) m KS KB Internet Bob: uses his private key to decrypt and recover KS uses KS to decrypt KS(m) to recover m Security 8-47

48 Secure e-mail (continued)
Alice wants to provide sender authentication message integrity H( ) . KA( ) - + H(m ) KA(H(m)) m KA Internet compare Alice digitally signs message sends both message (in the clear) and digital signature Security 8-48

49 Secure e-mail (continued)
Alice wants to provide secrecy, sender authentication, message integrity. H( ) . KA( ) - + KA(H(m)) m KA KS( ) KB( ) KB(KS ) KS KB Internet Alice uses three keys: her private key, Bob’s public key, newly created symmetric key (Pretty Good Privacy – PGP) Security 8-49

50 Summary How integrity can be maintained Digital Signatures
Message Digests Need for Certification Authorities Trusted Networks

51 Basic View of Cryptography
Access & Availability Confidentiality Integrity Authentication Cryptography Symmetric Asymmetric Protocols Transport Layer Stream Ciphers Block Ciphers Trusted Networks

52 SSL: Secure Sockets Layer
widely deployed security protocol supported by almost all browsers, web servers https billions $/year over SSL mechanisms: [Woo 1994], implementation: Netscape variation -TLS: transport layer security, RFC 2246 provides confidentiality integrity authentication original goals: Web e-commerce transactions encryption (especially credit-card numbers) Web-server authentication optional client authentication minimum hassle in doing business with new merchant available to all TCP applications secure socket interface Security 8-52

53 SSL and TCP/IP Application TCP IP normal application Application SSL TCP IP application with SSL SSL provides application programming interface (API) to applications C and Java SSL libraries/classes readily available Security 8-53

54 Could do something like PGP:
KA - H( ) . KA( ) - + KA(H(m)) m KS( ) KB( ) KS KB Internet KB(KS ) + But want To send byte streams & interactive data Set of secret keys for entire connection Certificate exchange as part of protocol: handshake phase Security 8-54

55 Toy SSL: a simple secure channel
handshake: Alice and Bob use their certificates, private keys to authenticate each other and exchange shared secret key derivation: Alice and Bob use shared secret to derive set of keys data transfer: Data to be transferred is broken up into series of records connection closure: Special messages to securely close connection Security 8-55

56 Toy: a simple handshake
CA hello Cryto Algorithms agreement Session ID Servers Digital Certificate Servers public key public key certificate KB+(MS) = EMS finished Encyrpted with EMS MS: master secret EMS: encrypted master secret Security 8-56

57 Toy: key derivation Considered bad to use same key for more than one cryptographic operation Use different keys for message authentication code (MAC) and encryption Four keys: Kc = encryption key for data sent from client to server Mc = MAC key for data sent from client to server Ks = encryption key for data sent from server to client Ms = MAC key for data sent from server to client Keys derived from key derivation function (KDF) Takes master secret and (possibly) some additional random data and creates the keys Security 8-57

58 Toy: data records Why not encrypt data in constant stream as we write it to TCP? where would we put the MAC? If at end, no message integrity until all data processed. e.g., with instant messaging, how can we do integrity check over all bytes sent before displaying? Solution: Break stream in series of records each record carries a MAC receiver can act on each record as it arrives Issue: in record, receiver needs to distinguish MAC from data Solution: include a length want to use variable-length records length data MAC Security 8-58

59 Toy: sequence numbers Issue: attacker can capture and replay record or re-order records Solution: put sequence number into MAC: MAC = MAC(Mx, sequence||data) note: no sequence number field Issue: attacker could replay all records Solution: use nonce Security 8-59

60 Toy: control information
Issue: truncation attack: attacker forges TCP connection close segment one or both sides thinks there is less data than there actually is. Solution: record types, with one type for data and another for closure type 0 for data; type 1 for closure MAC = MAC(Mx, sequence || type || data) length type data MAC Security 8-60

61 Toy SSL: summary hello certificate, nonce KB+(MS) = EMS
type 0, seq 1, data type 0, seq 2, data type 0, seq 3, data type 1, seq 4, close type 1, seq 2, close bob.com encrypted Security 8-61

62 Toy SSL isn’t complete Issues: Solution: negotiation - Allow
How long are fields? Which encryption protocols? Solution: negotiation - Allow Client and server to support different encryption algorithms Client and server to choose together specific algorithm before data transfer Security 8-62

63 SSL cipher suite Cipher Suite SSL supports several cipher suites
public-key algorithm symmetric encryption algorithm MAC algorithm SSL supports several cipher suites Negotiation: client, server agree on cipher suite client offers choice server picks one common SSL symmetric ciphers DES – Data Encryption Standard: block 3DES – Triple strength: block RC2 – Rivest Cipher 2: block RC4 – Rivest Cipher 4: stream SSL Public key encryption RSA Security 8-63

64 Real SSL: handshake (1) Purpose server authentication
negotiation: agree on crypto algorithms establish keys client authentication (optional) Security 8-64

65 Real SSL: handshake (2) client sends list of algorithms it supports, along with client nonce server chooses algorithms from list; sends back: choice + certificate + server nonce client verifies certificate, extracts server’s public key, generates pre_master_secret, encrypts with server’s public key, sends to server client and server independently compute encryption and MAC keys from pre_master_secret and nonces client sends a MAC of all the handshake messages server sends a MAC of all the handshake messages Security 8-65

66 Real SSL: handshaking (3)
last 2 steps protect handshake from tampering client typically offers range of algorithms, some strong, some weak man-in-the middle could delete stronger algorithms from list last 2 steps prevent this last two messages are encrypted Security 8-66

67 Real SSL: handshaking (4)
why two random nonces? suppose Trudy sniffs all messages between Alice & Bob next day, Trudy sets up TCP connection with Bob, sends exact same sequence of records Bob (Amazon) thinks Alice made two separate orders for the same thing solution: Bob sends different random nonce for each connection. This causes encryption keys to be different on the two days Trudy’s messages will fail Bob’s integrity check Security 8-67

68 SSL record protocol record header: content type; version; length
data fragment MAC encrypted data and MAC record header record header: content type; version; length MAC: includes sequence number, MAC key Mx fragment: each SSL fragment 214 bytes (~16 Kbytes) Security 8-68

69 SSL record format data and MAC encrypted (symmetric algorithm) content
type SSL version length MAC data 1 byte 2 bytes 3 bytes data and MAC encrypted (symmetric algorithm) Security 8-69

70 Real SSL connection everything henceforth is encrypted TCP FIN follows
handshake: ClientHello handshake: ServerHello handshake: Certificate handshake: ServerHelloDone handshake: ClientKeyExchange ChangeCipherSpec handshake: Finished application_data Alert: warning, close_notify Real SSL connection everything henceforth is encrypted TCP FIN follows Security 8-70

71 Key Derivation client nonce, server nonce, and pre-master secret input into pseudo random-number generator. produces master secret master secret and new nonces input into another random-number generator: “key block” because of resumption: TBD key block sliced and diced: client MAC key server MAC key client encryption key server encryption key client initialization vector (IV) server initialization vector (IV) Security 8-71

72 Summary How security can be provided at the transport layer SSL/HTTPs
Trusted Networks

73 Basic View of Cryptography
Access & Availability Confidentiality Integrity Authentication Cryptography Symmetric Asymmetric Protocols Network Layer Stream Ciphers Block Ciphers Trusted Networks

74 What is network-layer confidentiality ?
Between two network entities: Sending entity encrypts datagram payload, payload could be: TCP or UDP segment, ICMP message, OSPF message …. All data sent from one entity to other would be hidden: Web pages, , P2P file transfers, TCP SYN packets … Provides “blanket coverage” Security 8-74

75 IPsec services Data Integrity Origin Authentication
Replay Attack Prevention Confidentiality Two protocols providing different service models: Authentication Header (AH) Protocol Encapsulation Security (ES) Protocol Security 8-75

76 IPsec Transport Mode IPsec The transport mode encrypts only the payload and ESP trailer; so the IP header of the original packet is not encrypted. The transport mode is usually used when another tunnelling protocol (such as GRE, L2TP) is used to first encapsulate the IP data packet, then IPsec is used to protect the GRE/L2TP tunnel packets. IPsec datagram emitted and received by end-system Protects upper level protocols Security 8-76

77 IPsec – Tunneling Mode IPsec Edge Routers IPsec-aware Hosts IPsec-aware Tunnel mode protects the internal routing information by encrypting the IP header of the original packet. The original packet is encapsulated by a another set of IP headers. Security 8-77

78 Two IPsec protocols Authentication Header (AH) protocol
provides source authentication & data integrity but not confidentiality Encapsulation Security Protocol (ESP) provides source authentication, data integrity, and confidentiality more widely used than AH Security 8-78

79 Four combinations are possible!
Host mode with AH Host mode with ESP Tunnel mode with AH Tunnel mode with ESP most common and most important Security 8-79

80 Security associations (SAs)
Before sending data, “security association (SA)” established from sending to receiving entity SAs are simplex: for only one direction Sending, receiving entitles maintain state information about SA recall: TCP endpoints also maintain state info IP is connectionless; IPsec is connection-oriented! How many SAs in VPN w/ headquarters, branch office, and n traveling salespeople? Security 8-80

81 Example SA from R1 to R2 R1 stores for SA:
/24 /24 security association Internet headquarters branch office R1 R2 R1 stores for SA: 32-bit SA identifier: Security Parameter Index (SPI) Origin SA interface ( ) Destination SA interface ( ) Type of encryption used (e.g., 3DES with CBC) encryption key type of integrity check used (e.g., HMAC with MD5) authentication key Security 8-81

82 Security Association Database (SAD)
Endpoint holds SA state in security association database (SAD), where it can locate them during processing With n salespersons, 2 + 2n SAs in R1’s SAD When sending IPsec datagram, R1 accesses SAD to determine how to process datagram When IPsec datagram arrives to R2, R2 examines SPI in IPsec datagram, indexes SAD with SPI, and processes datagram accordingly Security 8-82

83 IPsec Datagram focus for now on tunnel mode with ESP
encrypted “enchilada” authenticated new IP header ESP hdr original IP hdr Original IP datagram payload ESP trl ESP auth SPI Seq # padding pad length next header Security 8-83

84 What Happens? Internet headquarters branch office R1 R2
/24 /24 security association Internet headquarters branch office R1 R2 encrypted “enchilada” authenticated new IP header ESP hdr original IP hdr Original IP datagram payload ESP trl ESP auth SPI Seq # padding pad length next header Security 8-84

85 R1: convert original datagram to IPsec datagram
Appends to back of original datagram (which includes original header fields!) an “ESP trailer” field Encrypts result using algorithm & key specified by SA Appends to front of this encrypted quantity the “ESP header, creating “enchilada” creates authentication MAC over the whole enchilada, using algorithm and key specified in SA appends MAC to back of enchilada, forming payload creates brand new IP header, with all the classic IPv4 header fields, which it appends before payload Security 8-85

86 Inside the enchilada: ESP trailer: Padding for block ciphers
encrypted “enchilada” authenticated new IP header ESP hdr original IP hdr Original IP datagram payload ESP trl ESP auth SPI Seq # padding pad length next header ESP trailer: Padding for block ciphers ESP header: SPI, so receiving entity knows what to do Sequence number, to thwart replay attacks MAC in ESP auth field is created with shared secret key Security 8-86

87 IPsec sequence numbers
for new SA, sender initializes seq. # to 0 each time datagram is sent on SA: sender increments seq # counter places value in seq # field goal: prevent attacker from sniffing and replaying a packet receipt of duplicate, authenticated IP packets may disrupt service method: destination checks for duplicates doesn’t keep track of all received packets; instead uses a window Security 8-87

88 Security Policy Database (SPD)
policy: For a given datagram, sending entity needs to know if it should use IPsec needs also to know which SA to use may use: source and destination IP address; protocol number info in SPD indicates “what” to do with arriving datagram info in SAD indicates “how” to do it Security 8-88

89 Summary: IPsec services
suppose Trudy sits somewhere between R1 and R2. she doesn’t know the keys. will Trudy be able to see original contents of datagram? How about source, dest IP address, transport protocol, application port? flip bits without detection? masquerade as R1 using R1’s IP address? replay a datagram? Security 8-89

90 IKE: Internet Key Exchange
previous examples: manual establishment of IPsec SAs in IPsec endpoints: Example SA SPI: 12345 Source IP: Dest IP: Protocol: ESP Encryption algorithm: 3DES-cbc HMAC algorithm: MD5 Encryption key: 0x7aeaca… HMAC key:0xc0291f… manual keying is impractical for VPN with 100s of endpoints instead use IPsec IKE (Internet Key Exchange) Security 8-90

91 IKE: PSK and PKI authentication (prove who you are) with either
pre-shared secret (PSK) or with PKI (pubic/private keys and certificates). PSK: both sides start with secret run IKE to authenticate each other and to generate IPsec SAs (one in each direction), including encryption, authentication keys PKI: both sides start with public/private key pair, certificate run IKE to authenticate each other, obtain IPsec SAs (one in each direction). similar with handshake in SSL. Security 8-91

92 IKE phases IKE has two phases
phase 1: establish bi-directional IKE SA note: IKE SA different from IPsec SA aka ISAKMP security association phase 2: ISAKMP is used to securely negotiate IPsec pair of SAs phase 1 has two modes: aggressive mode and main mode aggressive mode uses fewer messages main mode provides identity protection and is more flexible Security 8-92

93 IPsec summary IKE message exchange for algorithms, secret keys, SPI numbers either AH or ESP protocol (or both) AH provides integrity, source authentication ESP protocol (with AH) additionally provides encryption IPsec peers can be two end systems, two routers/firewalls, or a router/firewall and an end system Security 8-93

94 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
motivation: Institutions often want private networks for security costly: separate routers, links, DNS infrastructure. VPN: institution’s inter-office traffic is sent over public Internet instead encrypted before entering public Internet logically separate from other traffic Security 8-94

95 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
laptop w/ IPsec public Internet IP header IPsec Secure payload salesperson in hotel header IP IPsec Secure payload header IP IPsec payload Secure router w/ IPv4 and IPsec router w/ IPv4 and IPsec IP header payload header IP payload headquarters branch office Security

96 Summary How security can be provided at the network layer IPSec
The use of IPSec to develop services VPN Trusted Networks

97 Basic View of Cryptography
Access & Availability Confidentiality Integrity Authentication Cryptography Symmetric Asymmetric Protocols Data Link Stream Ciphers Block Ciphers Trusted Networks

98 WEP design goals symmetric key crypto
confidentiality end host authorization data integrity self-synchronizing: each packet separately encrypted given encrypted packet and key, can decrypt; can continue to decrypt packets when preceding packet was lost (unlike Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) in block ciphers) Efficient implementable in hardware or software Security 8-98

99 Review: symmetric stream ciphers
keystream generator key combine each byte of keystream with byte of plaintext to get ciphertext: m(i) = ith unit of message ks(i) = ith unit of keystream c(i) = ith unit of ciphertext c(i) = ks(i)  m(i) ( = exclusive or) m(i) = ks(i)  c(i) WEP uses RC4 Security 8-99

100 Stream cipher and packet independence
recall design goal: each packet separately encrypted if for frame n+1, use keystream from where we left off for frame n, then each frame is not separately encrypted need to know where we left off for packet n WEP approach: initialize keystream with key + new IV for each packet: keystream generator Key+IVpacket keystreampacket Security 8-100

101 WEP encryption (1) sender calculates Integrity Check Value (ICV, four-byte hash/CRC over data each side has 104-bit shared key sender creates 24-bit initialization vector (IV), appends to key: gives 128-bit key sender also appends keyID (in 8-bit field) 128-bit key inputted into pseudo random number generator to get keystream data in frame + ICV is encrypted with RC4: bytes of keystream are XORed with bytes of data & ICV IV & keyID are appended to encrypted data to create payload payload inserted into frame encrypted data ICV IV MAC payload Key ID Security 8-101

102 WEP encryption (2) new IV for each frame Security 8-102

103 WEP decryption overview
encrypted data ICV IV MAC payload Key ID receiver extracts IV inputs IV, shared secret key into pseudo random generator, gets keystream XORs keystream with encrypted data to decrypt data + ICV verifies integrity of data with ICV note: message integrity approach used here is different from MAC (message authentication code) and signatures (using PKI). Security 8-103

104 End-point authentication w/ nonce
Nonce: number (R) used only once –in-a-lifetime How to prove Alice “live”: Bob sends Alice nonce, R. Alice must return R, encrypted with shared secret key “I am Alice” R K (R) A-B Alice is live, and only Alice knows key to encrypt nonce, so it must be Alice! Security 8-104

105 WEP authentication Notes: not all APs do it, even if WEP is being used
authentication request nonce (128 bytes) nonce encrypted shared key success if decrypted value equals nonce Notes: not all APs do it, even if WEP is being used AP indicates if authentication is necessary in beacon frame done before association Security 8-105

106 Breaking 802.11 WEP encryption
security hole: 24-bit IV, one IV per frame, -> IV’s eventually reused IV transmitted in plaintext -> IV reuse detected attack: Trudy causes Alice to encrypt known plaintext d1 d2 d3 d4 … Trudy sees: ci = di XOR kiIV Trudy knows ci di, so can compute kiIV Trudy knows encrypting key sequence k1IV k2IV k3IV … Next time IV is used, Trudy can decrypt! Security 8-106

107 802.11i: improved security numerous (stronger) forms of encryption possible provides key distribution uses authentication server separate from access point Security 8-107

108 802.11i: four phases of operation
AP: access point STA: client station AS: Authentication server wired network 1 Discovery of security capabilities STA and AS mutually authenticate, together generate Master Key (MK). AP serves as “pass through” 2 3 STA derives Pairwise Master Key (PMK) AS derives same PMK, sends to AP 4 STA, AP use PMK to derive Temporal Key (TK) used for message encryption, integrity Security 8-108

109 EAP: extensible authentication protocol
EAP: end-end client (mobile) to authentication server protocol EAP sent over separate “links” mobile-to-AP (EAP over LAN) AP to authentication server (RADIUS over UDP) wired network EAP TLS EAP EAP over LAN (EAPoL) RADIUS IEEE UDP/IP Security 8-109

110 Summary How security is provided at the network layer - wireless WEP
Trusted Networks


Download ppt "TELE3119: Trusted Networks Week 2"

Similar presentations


Ads by Google