1. INSTITUTIONS and DEVELOPMENT
WHAT’S THE LINK?

2. MANY DISCIPLINES HAVE INTERESTS + CONVERGE
GEOGRAPHY
HISTORY
ECONOMICS
POLITICAL SCIENCE
MILITARY STUDIES
MAYBE EVEN ECOLOGY

3. INSTITUTIONS? RULES OF THE ‘GAME’ ‘GAME’ THEORY’ NOT TRIVIAL GAME
SHAPE HOW WE BEHAVE
PERVASIVE
‘SOCIAL FACTS’
NOT ORGANIZATIONS! THE PLAYERS

4. WHAT MAKES A ‘GOOD’ GAME?
SPORTING ANALOGY
Garden cricket; agreed rules
LOALLY APPROPRIATE
LOCALLY LEGITIMATE
GOOD TEAMS, GOOD UMPIRES
ALL DEPEND ON INSTITUTIONS
APPLY THAT TO EVERYTHING WE DO – IMPORTANT WAY OF THINKING

5. FORMS OF INSTITUTIONS ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS (RULES)
Property rights or not?
Markets AND Silent barter
Regulations – H+S etc - ENVIRONMENTAL
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
Constitutions, conventions, laws, school rules
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Marriage, gender relations, queuing, cultural rules
TOGETHER THEY MAKE UP A ‘SOCIAL ORDER’
TOGETHER THEY DETERMINE DEVELOPMENT

6. FORMAL AND INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS
PARCHMENT
INFORMAL
CONVENTIONS, CUSTOMS
SOMETIMES CLASH
BARBADOS FLIGHTS
BANGALDESH BUSSES

7. WHY CIVIL WAR? SLOW ECONOMIC GROWTH DEPENDENCE ON VALUED COMMODITIES
POVERTY AND LITTLE CHANCE OF ESCAPE
FIGHT FOR EVERY CRUMB
DEPENDENCE ON VALUED COMMODITIES
OIL, DIAMONDS = Angola, Sierra Leone, Nigeria
WEAK STATE –
Often associated with poor countries
NO AGREED INSTITUTIONS/RULES
PEACE USUALLY THROUGH NEW RULES

8. STABLE OR UNSTABLE? WAR, VIOLENCE – no agreed rules
RULE-BASED – basis for peace
Not easy when history of inequality
Not easy when deep divisions
South Africa, Iraq, Afghanistan

9. CIVIL WAR AND PER CAPITA GDP
PROBABILITY OF CONFLICT DECLINES AS GDP PER CAPITA GOES UP
BETWEEN 1960 AND
BELOW $1000, THERE WAS A 16% CHANCE OF CIVIL WAR
ABOVE $5000, THERE IS A LESS THAN 1% CHANCE OF CIVIL WAR
73% OF PEOPLE IN POOREST SOCIETIES HAVE BEEN IN OR ARE IN CIVIL WAR
MAINLY AFRICA, BUT NOT ONLY

10. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ?
USUALLY IN CONTEXT OF ‘THIRD WORLD’:
STRUCTURAL CHANGE?
AGRICULTURE TO INDUSTRY?
ECONOMIC GROWTH?
INCREASE IN GNP?
FREEDOM OF CHOICE?
LIFE CHOICES?
EQUALITY?
OF GENDER ESPECIALLY
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY
ALL REQUIRE ‘INSTITUTIONS’ - RULES

11. DEVELOPMENT – HOW? CAPITAL INVESTMENT HUMAN CAPITAL – Skills but stay
Who will save? Who will invest in insecurity? War?
HUMAN CAPITAL – Skills but stay
TECHNOLOGY – How to maintain it?
INSTITUTIONS – RULES are preconditions for all
PROPERTY
CONTRACTS AND ENFORCEMENT
COOPERATION
TRUST

12. THERE’S THE LINK INSTITUTIONS AND DEVELOPMENT THEORY IS –
ESTABLISH INSTITUTIONS, REDUCE INSECURITY, ENABLE DEVELOPMENT TO HAPPEN

13. WESTERN INTEREST? WHY IS THE WEST CONCERED? HUMANITARIAN REASONS
SECURITY REASONS –
FAILED STATES AND TERROR GROUPS
SOMALIA
NOT ONLY THOSE - Libya
ECONOMIC REASONS –
RESOURCES, TRADE, POLICING

14. WHAT IS TO BE DONE? BUILDING EFFECTIVE INSTITUTIONS
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC
SUPPORT LOCAL PROCESSES
ALSO GOVERNMENTS, BUREAUCRACIES AND ARMIES – VERY HARD, TAKES LONG
MARKETS AND TRUST
NO INSTITUTIONS, NO DEVELOPMENT.
FORMAL OR INFORMAL