1. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring chapter 1 part 1

2. Introduction
Pharmacokinetics:- is the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
Pharmacodynamics: - is the relationship between drug concentration and pharmacological response.
Clinical pharmacokinetics:-is the application of pharmacokinetic principles to ensure safe and effective therapeutic effect of drugs in an individual patient.

4. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)
Therapeutic drug monitoring is defined as the use of assay procedures for determination of drug concentrations in plasma, and then use of the resulting concentration Data to develop new, safe and effective drug regimens.
If performed properly, this process allows for the achievement of therapeutic concentrations of a drug more rapidly and safely than can be attained with empiric dose changes.

5. TDM is valuable when:
1. A good correlation exists between the pharmacologic response and plasma concentration. This relationship allows us to predict pharmacologic effects with changing plasma drug concentrations
2. Wide intersubject variation in plasma drug concentrations results from a given dose.
3. The drug has a narrow therapeutic index (i.e., the therapeutic concentration is close to the toxic concentration).
4. The drug’s desired pharmacologic effects cannot be assessed readily by other simple means (e.g., blood pressure measurement for antihypertensive).

6. Usefulness of TDM 1. Calculate loading and maintenance drug doses.
The loading dose is a large initial dose given to achieve therapeutic drug levels from the beginning;
a maintenance dose is then given at fixed intervals to keep drug concentrations within the therapeutic range.
2. Calculate drug dosage regimen. The dosage regimen is a systemized dosage schedule with two variables:
(a) The size of each drug dose and
(b) The time between consecutive dose administrations.
3. Perform dosage adjustments in patients with, for example, renal and hepatic diseases.
4. Design of dosage form and determination of route of administration, for example, sustained-release versus immediate-release oral dosage forms, and parenteral versus oral dosage forms. The route of administration can affect drug pharmacokinetics.
5. Perform bioequivalence studies, that is, pharmacokinetic evaluations of drug formulations. Some pharmaceutical excipients can enhance or decrease drug bioavailability.
6. Predict drug-drug and drug-food interactions. Both co-administered drugs and various food products can interfere with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

7. Pharmacokinetic Models
1-One compartment model 2-Two compartment model 3- Non compartment mode

8. One compartment model

9. Two compartment model

10. Non-compartmental analysis
dependent on estimation of total drug exposure.
Total drug exposure is most often estimated by area under the curve (AUC) methods.

11. Steady state condition
Regardless of the mode of drug administration, when the rate of drug administration equals the rate of drug removal, the amount of drug contained in the body reaches a constant value. This equilibrium condition is known as steady state.
In practice, it is generally considered that steady state is reached when a time of 3 to 5 times the

12. Steady state condition

13. LINEAR PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS
If a plot of steady state concentration versus dose yields a straight line, the drug is said to follow linear pharmacokinetics. In this situation, steady-state serum concentrations increase or decrease proportionally with dose.
Most drugs used in clinical practice at therapeutic dosages will show first-order rate processes; that is, the rate of elimination of most drugs will be first-order.

14. Nonlinear Pharmacokinetic Models
When steady-state concentrations change in a disproportionate fashion after the dose is altered, a plot of steady-state concentration versus dose is not a straight line and the drug is said to follow nonlinear pharmacokinetics.

15. -When steady-state concentrations increase more than expected after a dosage increase, the most likely explanation is that the processes removing the drug from the body have become saturated. -This phenomenon is known as saturable or Michaelis-Menten pharmacokinetics.

16. When steady-state concentrations increase less than expected after a dosage increase, there are two typical explanations:
saturate plasma protein binding sites so that as the dosage is increased steady-state serum concentrations increase less than expected. such as valproic acid and disopyramide
increase rate of metabolism from the body as dose is increased so steady-state serum concentrations increase less than anticipated. such as carbamazepine.

18. TO BE CONTIUED…