1. 6.3 Defense Against Infectious Disease

2. The skin and mucus membrane form a primary defense against pathogens that cause infectious disease.

3. Cuts in the skin are sealed by blood clotting.
Clotting factors are released from platelets.
The cascade results in the rapid conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.

4. Ingestion of pathogens by phagocytic white blood cells gives non-specific immunity to disease.

5. Production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to a particular pathogen gives specific immunity.
Macrophage

6. Antibiotics block processes that occur in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells.
Viral diseases cannot be treated using antibiotics because they lack a metabolism.

7. Some strains of bacteria have evolved with genes which confer resistance to antibiotics and some strains have multiple resistance.

8. Effects of HIV on the immune system and methods of transmission.

9. Florey and Chain’s experiments to test penicillin on bacterial infections on mice.
(NOS- Risks with scientific research. Would their research on penicillin be compliant with current protocols on testing?)

10. U 1 Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells.
Antigens
Protein and/or large polysaccharide molecules that stimulate an immune response (production of antibodies).

11. U 2 Pathogens can be species-specific although others can cross species barriers.
Zoonosis is a pathogen that can cross a species barrier.
Examples) Lymes disease, West Nile Disease, and Rabies

12. U 3 B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals
U 3 B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals. U 4 Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells. U 5 Plasma cells secrete antibodies.

13. U 6 Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens.

14. U 7 White cells release histamine in response to allergens
U 7 White cells release histamine in response to allergens. U 8 Histamines cause allergic symptoms.
Histamines are a substance that are produced in response to an infection or damage to an area that causes the dilation of small blood vessels to become leaky.

15. U 10 Vaccines contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause the disease.
Vaccinations
-exposure to a heated or chemically weakened or harmless strain of a pathogen or a chemical that acts as an antigen to trigger a PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE.
BOOSTER shots or subsequent vaccinations for the same antigen are given to get a SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE from the memory cells and produce an even faster and greater antibody production

16. U 9 Immunity depends upon the persistence of memory cells.

17. A 1 Smallpox was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccination. NOS 1 Consider ethical implications of research- Jenner tested his vaccine for smallpox in a child.
On May 14, 1796, Jenner took fluid from a cowpox blister and scratched it into the skin of James Phipps, an eight- year-old boy. A single blister rose up on the spot, but James soon recovered. On July 1, Jenner inoculated the boy again, this time with smallpox matter, and no disease developed. The vaccine was a success. Doctors all over Europe soon adopted Jenner’s innovative technique, leading to a drastic decline in new sufferers of the devastating disease and it’s eventual eradication.
14th-small-pox-vaccine/

18. U 11 Fusion of a tumor cell with an antibody-producing plasma cell creates a hybridoma cell. U 12 Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells
Production of Monoclonal Antibodies
a. Antigens are injected into an animal.
b. B- cells producing the desired antibodies are extracted from the animal.
c. Cancerous tumor cells are fused with the selected B cells forming HYBRIDOMA cells that are long lived, dividing endlessly producing large amounts of the desired antibody.
D. These antibodies are extracted and purified.

19. A 2 Monoclonal antibodies to HCG are used to pregnancy test kits.

20. S 1 Analysis of epidemiological data related to vaccination programs.