1. CRACKING THE CODE OF LIFE
DNA
CRACKING THE CODE OF LIFE

2. DNA 101 DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid
What is a nucleic acid (one of four..)___________
5 cm long nucleic acid molecule that contains hereditary material—tells cell its function and structure

3. Functions
DNA controls all the chemical changes which take place in cells
The kind of cell which is formed, (muscle, blood, nerve etc
The kind of organism which is produced (buttercup, giraffe, herring, human etc)

4. Functions DNA does it’s dirty work by making proteins…
PROTEINS ARE LIKE TEXT MESSAGES AND BRICKS..
communicate and build things

5. Made Of large molecule made up of a long chain of sub-units
The sub-units are called nucleotides
Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar called deoxyribose
a phosphate group -PO4
and an organic base

6. Ribose and Deoxyribose
Ribose is a sugar, like glucose, but with only five carbon atoms in its molecule
Deoxyribose is almost the same but lacks one oxygen atom
Both molecules may be represented by the symbol

7. The most common organic bases are
The bases 5
The most common organic bases are
Adenine
(A)
Thymine
(T)
Cytosine
(C)
Guanine
(G)

8. Combine to form a nucleotide
Nucleotides 6
The deoxyribose,
the phosphate
and one of the bases
Combine to form a nucleotide
adenine
deoxyribose
PO4
It is the phosphate group which gives DNA its acidic properties

9. The bases always pair up in the same way
Bonding 1 10
The bases always pair up in the same way
Adenine forms a bond with Thymine
Adenine
Thymine
and Cytosine bonds with Guanine
Cytosine
Guanine

10. The sequence of bases in DNA forms the19
Genetic code 1
The sequence of bases in DNA forms the
Genetic Code
The different amino acids and the order in which they are joined up determines the sort of protein being produced
A group of three bases (a triplet) controls the production of a particular amino acid in the cytoplasm of the cell

11. Learning Targets: What is replication? How do genes code for traits?

12. This is a small, imaginary protein molecule showing
Genetic code 2 20
This is a small, imaginary protein molecule showing
how a sequence of 5 different amino acids could determine the shape and identity of the molecule
Ser-Cyst-Val-Gly-Ser-Cyst Ala
Val
Val-Cyst-Ser-Ala-Ser-Cyst-Gly
Val- Cyst-Ala-Ala-Ser-Gly
Each amino acid (Serine, Cysteine, Valine, Glycine and
Alanine) is coded for by a particular triplet of bases

13. This is known as the triplet code22
This is known as the triplet code
Each triplet codes for a specific amino acid
CGA - CAA - CCA - CCA - GCT - GGG - GAG - CCA -
Ala
Val
Gly
Gly
Arg
Pro
Leu
Gly
The amino acids are joined together in the correct
sequence to make part of a protein
Although the DNA in the nucleus specifies the amino acids and their sequence, it is in the cytoplasm that the protein build-up takes place. The DNA of the nucleus makes a single strand of messenger RNA (ribo-nucleic acid) which leaves the nucleus and builds up the protein in the cytoplasm. The RNA code is complementary, but not identical, to the nuclear DNA. Text books usually give the coding for the RNA but in this presentation it is for the DNA itself
Ala
Val
Gly
Gly
Arg
Pro
Leu
Gly

14. Enzymes So DNA exerts its control through the enzymes
The DNA controls which enzymes are made and the enzymes determine what reactions take place
The proteins build the cell structures

15. Genes
A sequence of triplets in the DNA molecule may code for a complete amino acid
Such a sequence forms a gene
There may be a thousand or more bases in one gene

16. Replication Before a cell divides, the DNA strands unwind and separate
Each strand makes a new partner by adding the appropriate nucleotides
The result is that there are now two double-stranded DNA molecules in the nucleus
So that when the cell divides, each nucleus contains identical DNA
This process is called replication

17. Genetic Code
Each amino acid is specified by a particular combination of 3 nucleotides, called codons
Different species can use one codon over another for the same amino acid

18. Learning Target: Find out what DNA looks like.

19. Learning Targets: Learn the process for DNA analysis in crimes scenes
Learning Targets: Learn the process for DNA analysis in crimes scenes. Investigate issues surrounding DNA determining blood quantum.

20. Learning Targets: DNA characteristics and current issues.

21. Flash Card On the front: Nucleotide On the back:
The “lego” of DNA: sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen bases

22. Flash Card On the front: Nitrogen bases On the back: Adenine Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Makes genetic code

23. Flash Card On the front: Amino Acid On the back:
Building block of proteins, coded by a triplet of nitrogen bases

24. Flash Card On the front: Replication On the back:
Process by which DNA is doubled before cell division

25. High Country News Article
1.What are the positive and negatives of using blood quantum? Be balanced.
2. What do you think?

26. LT: Identify different types of blood and read DNA codens for traits.

27. ABO Simulated Blood Typing Kit
What type of blood does DNA code for?
Three types of blood: A, B, AB, O
Inherited genes (“pieces of DNA”) determine what proteins are produced, what type of blood is determined by the type of proteins on a red blood cell’s surface

28. ABO Simulated Blood Typing Kit
Antigens=blood type proteins
Type A blood: has A protein but not B
Type B blood: has B protein but not A
Type AB blood: both
AB is called universal recipients
Type O blood: has neither A nor B
O is considered universal donors

29. ABO simulated Blood typing Kit
Antibodies: produced by the body in reaction to foreign proteins and are important to fight disease
Type A blood makes antibody b, B=a
(Anti-___serium = opposite, tells what type of blood)
If given the wrong type of blood clumping occurs

30. Learning Target: Review of the characteristics of DNA.

31. Notes to notecard 1. What does DNA stand for?
2. What are proteins like?
3. DNA is made up of nucleotides, and nucleotides are made up of what?
4. What are the four nitrogen bases?
5. How many bases can there be in one gene?
6. Because of this process, all the DNA in all your cells are the same.

32. Trash Basketball!!!

33. Deoxyribose nucleic acid is….
DNA
Nucleotide

34. Thymine, Cytosine, adenine, and Guanine are….
Amino acids
Nitrogen bases

35. Proteins do what in the cell?
Send messages and build stuff like muscle and cells
Make amino acids

36. Amino acids
Make up proteins
Make up genes

37. three nitrogen bases make up a
Coden or triplet
Enzymes

38. The process by which DNA doubles in the cell
Nucleotides
Replication

39. A phosphate group, nitrogen base, and a sugar make up what?
Enzyme
Nucleotide

40. This is the lego of DNA
Nucleotide
Enzyme

41. This is a macromolecule
Nucleic acid
Coden

42. Cytosine will bond with
Thymine
Guanine

43. Thymine will bond with
adenine
cytosine

44. GAU AUU CUU CUG CCC ACA