1. Chapter 1 - Three Societies on the Verge of Contact
Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

2. Learning Outcomes Define and understand the meaning of nutrition.
Understand the main purposes of nutrients and how they are classified.
Differentiate among the major groups of nutrients.
4 Define calorie and explain energy.
5 Outline the scientific method.

3. 6 Evaluate the validity of a nutritional claim.
7 Understand the connection between nutrition and health.
8 Appreciate the importance of nutrition.

4. Obtain and use food to support all processes
What Is Nutrition?
Obtain and use food to support all processes
Many scientific fields
Nutritional scientists
Dietitian
The foods you choose now will influence both your
immediate and long-term health.

5. What Are Nutrients, and What Do They Do?
Found in food and required by the body
Roles
Classification
Essential, nonessential, or conditionally essential
Organic or inorganic
Macronutrient or micronutrient

6. What Are Nutrients, and What Do They Do?
Essential nutrient
Must be obtained from diet
Nonessential nutrient
Body can produce
Conditionally essential
Circumstances

7. What Are Nutrients, and What Do They Do?
Organic compounds
Contains carbon and hydrogen
Example nutrients
Inorganic compounds
Do not contain carbon
Certified organic
Food label definitions
Certified organic foods can be identified by this seal.

8. FIGURE 1.2 Understanding Composition of “Organic” Foods
When listed on food labels, the term organic can have different meanings.
© 2014 Cengage Learning® 8

9. What Are Nutrients, and What Do They Do?
Macronutrients
Consumed in relatively large amounts
Examples nutrients
Micronutrients
Other health-promoting substances
Phytochemical
Zoochemical
Functional food

10. How Are Macronutrients and Micronutrients Classified?
Carbohydrates
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Many types
Glucose
Dietary fiber
Proteins
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Roles

11. How Are Macronutrients and Micronutrients Classified?
Lipids
Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
Roles
Food sources
Water
Oxygen and hydrogen

12. How Are Macronutrients and Micronutrients Classified?
Vitamins
Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
Roles
Classification
Minerals
15 essential minerals

13. TABLE 1.1 Grouping Macronutrients and Micronutrients

14. How Is the Energy in Food Measured?
Macronutrients supply energy
Protein, carbohydrates, and lipids
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Calorie
Alcohol

15. FIGURE 1.3 Nutritional Energy
When listed on food labels, the term organic can have different meanings.
© 2014 Cengage Learning® 15

16. How Do Nutritional Scientists Conduct Their Research?
Scientific method
Step 1: Making an observation
Accuracy
Step 2: Proposing a hypothesis
Prediction about the relationship between variables
Causal relationship
Correlation
Although there is probably an association between when
your alarm sounds and the time the sun rises, changing
your wake-up alarm will not alter the sunrise. In other
words, correlation does not infer causality.

17. How Do Nutritional Scientists Conduct Their Research?
Scientific method
Step 3: Experimentation
Epidemiologic studies
Correlation
Intervention studies
Control group
Placebo
Single- and double-blind studies
Random assignment

18. FIGURE 1.5 Components of a Nutrition Intervention Study
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention
studies are considered the gold standard of nutrition research.
© 2016 Cengage Learning® 18

19. Are All Nutrition Claims Believable?
Questions to ask about claims
Where was the study published?
Primary source of information
Peer-reviewed journal
Who conducted the study?
Qualified and knowledgeable researchers
Who paid for the research?
Funding should not bias study outcomes

20. Are All Nutrition Claims Believable?
Questions to ask about claims
Did the researchers use the right study design?
PubMed
Do public health organizations concur?
Example organizations

21. Nutrition and Health: What Is the Connection?
Public health agencies
CDC
Mortality rate
Infant mortality rate
Morbidity rate
Life expectancy
Years of life remaining for a person at a particular age
Graying of America

22. FIGURE 1. 6. Changes in Life Expectancy and Infant
FIGURE Changes in Life Expectancy and Infant Mortality Rate over the Past Century
Since 1900, life expectancy has increased while infant mortality rate has decreased.
These shifts indicate greater societal health.
Source: Xu J. Q., Kochanek K. D., Murphy S. L., Tejada-Vera B. Deaths: Final data for National vital statistics reports.
Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2010; 58:19. Available from:
nvsr58/nvsr58_19.pdf; National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2014: With Special Feature on Adults
Aged 55–64. Hyattsville, MD Available from:
© 2014 Cengage Learning® 22

23. Nutrition and Health: What Is the Connection?
Diseases
Infectious disease
Examples
Noninfectious disease
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a federal
agency charged with monitoring health and disease rates in the
U.S. population.

24. FIGURE 1.7 Life Expectancy Around the Globe
Source: Xu J. Q., Kochanek K. D., Murphy S. L., Tejada-Vera B. Deaths: Final data for National
vital statistics reports. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2010; 58:19. Available
from: National Center for Health
Statistics. Health, United States, 2014: With Special Feature on Adults Aged 55–64. Hyattsville,
MD Available from: 24

25. Nutrition and Health: What Is the Connection?
Diseases
Chronic degenerative disease
Causes
Leading causes of death
Risk factors
Tobacco use
Physical activity
Dietary habits
Nutrition transition

26. FIGURE 1.8 Five Leading Causes of Death over the Past Century
Source: Xu J. Q., Kochanek K. D., Murphy S. L., Tejada-Vera B. Deaths: Final data for National
vital statistics reports. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2010; 58:19. Available
from: National Center for Health
Statistics. Health, United States, 2014: With Special Feature on Adults Aged 55–64. Hyattsville,
MD Available from: 26

27. Nutrition and Health: What Is the Connection?
Assessing the nutritional health of the nation
Healthy People 2020
Four overarching goals
Encourage long, high-quality lives
Achieve health equity
Create environments that promote good health for all
Promote quality of life, healthy development, & healthy behaviors across all life stages