1. The Enlightenment Spreads
Chapter 22, Section 3

2. In Activity Who were the Philosophes and what did they advocate?
On page 27 Answer the following Questions:
Who were the Philosophes and what did they advocate?
FRENCH THINKERS AND SOCIAL CRITICS; APPLYING REASON TO MANY ASPECTS IN LIFE.
What are the Natural Rights with which people are born with according to John Locke?
LIFE, LIBERTY, PROPERTY

3. Paris In the 1700s, Paris was the intellectual capital of Europe.
People flocked there to study, philosophize, and enjoy fine culture.
The brightest minds of this era gathered there.
From their circles spread the ideas of the Enlightenment.

4. The Paris Salons
Several wealthy women in Paris held regular social gatherings in their mansions.
These gatherings were called ‘salons’.
Philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, and intellectuals met to discuss ideas and enjoy artistic performances.

5. Marie Therese Geoffrin
Madame Geoffrin was the most influential salon hostess.

6. Madame Geoffrin’s salon 1755

7. Art and Literature
The Enlightenment is also known as the “Age of Reason”.
The ideals of order and reason were reflected in the arts.
Music
Literature
Painting
Architecture

8. Representative Composers
Baroque Music
Representative Composers
Antonio Vivaldi
Johann Sebastian Bach
George Friedrich Handel
Baroque music
Bach

9. Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) Representative Works
Most famous work Le quattro stagioni (The Four Seasons) written in 1723.
46 operas
76 sonatas
Chamber music
Sacred music
four seasons

10. Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
Representative Works
cantatas
chorales
organ works
lute music
chamber music
canons and fugues
Famous piece: “Jesu Joy of Man’s Desiring”
bach

11. George Frederick Handel (1685-1759)
Representative Works
42 operas
29 oratorios
120 cantatas, trios, duets
numerous arias
chamber music
Most famous work: Messiah oratorio traditionally performed during the Christmas season, including “Hallelujah Chorus”.

12. Classical Music
A new lighter style of music during the Enlightenment. Hayden, Mozart, and Beethoven were three classical composers from Austria.

13. Joseph Hayden ( )
Known as “Father of the Symphony” and “Father of the String Quartet”
Representative Works
104 Symphonies
numerous concertos for various instruments
15 operas
other music

14. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
Representative works
23 operas
numerous symphonies
“Toy Symphony”
concertos
“Flute concerto no. 2 in D Major, K 314”
piano music
chamber music
sacred music
masses
Rabbit of Seville
Marriage of figaro
Mozart Bio
Rock me Amedeus

15. Ludwig van Beethoven Representative Works
Symphonies (5th and 9th probably the most famous)
Piano music
“Fur Elise”
Vocal music
Operas
Choral music
Beethoven bio

16. Enlightened Despots
Some monarchs embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected Enlightenment beliefs.
They were called Enlightened Despots.
Despots means ‘Absolute Ruler’

17. Enlightened Despots
Supported the new ideas, but they had no intention of giving up any power.
They only had two desires.
Make their country stronger
Rule more effectively
The foremost of Europe's Enlightened despots
Frederick II of Prussia
Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II of Austria
Catherine the Great of Russia

18. Enlightened Despots Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia
Joseph II of Austria
Catherine II (the Great) of Russia

19. Frederick the Great of (Prussia)
King of Prussia –
Granted religious freedoms
Reduced censorship
Improved education
Reformed the justice system & abolished torture
“the first servant of the state”

20. Joseph II of Austria Religion The Arts
Joseph II had the most progressive policy of religion toleration in all of Europe. He granted toleration toward Jews as well as Protestants. His anti-clerical and liberal innovations provoked a visit from the Pope Pius VI in Joseph showed himself a good Catholic, but was not persuaded to change his liberal positions on religion.
The Arts
He was known as the “musical king.” He was a huge patron of composers. He is featured prominently in the movie Amadeus, the fictionalized biography of Mozart.

21. Joseph II Ruled Austria from 1780-1790 Introduced legal reforms
Freedom of the press
Freedom of worship
Abolished serfdom
When he died, most of his reforms were undone.

22. Catherine the Great Ruled Russia from 1762-1796.
Ruled with absolute authority but wanted to reform Russia.
Reformed Russian law based on ideas of Montesquieu and Beccaria

23. Reforming Russia Catherine recommended: Religious toleration
Abolishing torture and capital punishment
Her commission did not accomplish these goals.
Eventually, passed limited reforms.
Did nothing to help peasants.
Serfs rose up against her.
Army crushed them.
Turned power of serfs over to nobles.

24. Think-Pair-Share
1st – Think to yourself about the following the questions:
Do you support capital punishment? Why/why not?
2nd – Pair up with the person beside you and discuss your stance on the issue.
3rd – Share with the class.

25. Denis Diderot

26. Diderot’s Encyclopedia
Diderot began to publish a series of books in 1751 that were compilations of articles from leading scholars. Even though the French government and the Catholic Church censored the Encyclopedia, it was responsible for spreading Enlightenment ideas all over Europe.

27. Neoclassical Style
Neoclassical art began to replace baroque art during the late 1700s. Neoclassical art followed a simple and elegant style that drew on ideas from classical Greece and Rome.

28. Neoclassical vs. Baroque

29. Baroque Church vs. Neoclassical

30. Changes in Literature during the Enlightenment
18th Century writers began writing novels, lengthy works of prose or fiction…Pamela, Samuel Richardson, is often considered the first English Novel