1. John Adams Administration
Crisis to Crisis

2. Election of 1796 1st partisan election
Federalists---(Mass) John Adams—Pres. ; (SC) Thomas Pinckney VP
Republicans—(VA) Jefferson—Pres. ; (NY) Aaron Burr VP
Adams—71 (N’rn votes) Jefferson—68 (S’rn Votes)
Pre-12th amendment

4. Crisis I – Foreign policy
Threat of war with FR (FR seized US Vessels)
Refused to accept US ambassador sent by Adams(FR angry over Jay’s Treaty)
Federalist Party Supports war w/FR
Adams wants to wait it out—refuses to start anything w/FR
Claimed US wasn’t ready (took Washington’s advice)

5. Crisis I – Foreign policy con’t.
Adams Sends 3 agents to FR to Negotiate
FR minister Demands Bribe ($250,000)
Leads to “XYZ” affair---Angers Public—get information through papers. Papers used X, Y, Z instead of the names

6. Crisis I – Foreign policy con’t.
Leads to undeclared naval war w/FR
Congress votes to create Dept of Navy---enlarge military
Increase size of US Army –George Washington put in charge
New gov’t in FR—Adams sends 3 reps—Ruins Adams w/ Fed Party
Trying to avoid war

8. Crisis II-Constitutional
Alien and Sedition Act
Alien Acts
4 new laws limiting citizenship
increased waiting period from 5 yrs-14 to be citizen
Deportation by Presidential Order
Allowed aliens to be jailed w/out trial in war time

9. Crisis II-Constitutional Con’t.
Sedition Act
Made it illegal to speak or write w/the intent of defaming or bringing contempt to President or members of Gov’t
HUGE Violation of 1st Amendment
Used against Rep Newspapers (papers were very important—only real way to get information to public)
Big issue in 1800 election

11. Crisis III—Union Virginia and KentuckyResolution
Reaction to Alien & Sedition Acts
Sectionalism and Partisan—Big Issue over states’ rights.
States never surrendered rights to judge constitutionality of Federal Actions

12. Crisis III—Union cont’d.
Doctrine of Nullification
1. Union composed of Independent States
2. Union is an agency of the States
3. Any act of Congress can be declared null and void
A state can choose to secede from the Union
*Foundation for State’s Rights Philosophy

13. Election of 1800 Controversy btwn Pres & VP
Federalist—Adams Dem/Repub’ns--Jefferson
1st place Pres 2nd place VP
Election Outcome
Jefferson 73 Adams Burr 73
Hamilton’s “tinkering” with votes
Decision goes to House of Representatives for Final Decision
House controlled by Democratic Republicans
12 Amendment separate ballots for pres and VP

15. Lame Duck Session Midnight appointments
Adams makes Federal Appointments to courts
Federalist’s #’s increased by outgoing congress
“Retreat to the Judiciary”--Lost stronghold in legislative & Executive branches; he used Judiciary to retain power
Appointment of John Marshall to Chief Justice -- Others last minute

16. Marbury v Madison (1801)
Madison (Sec of State) refused to deliver commission to Marbury
Marbury petitioned S. Crt to force Madison to deliver commission (Judiciary Act)
Creates problem for Chf Justice Marshal
He wants to help a fellow Federalist
The Judicial Branch doesn’t enforce law

17. Marbury v Madison (1801) cont’d.
Unconstitutional—violates constitutional requirements for Original Jurisdiction
What is Original Jurisdiction? What kind of cases have O. J. with the Supreme Court?
Establishes Judicial Review--Right to declare laws unconstitutional.