1. Essential Facts About Clove Cigarette Usage Prepared by: Roth Associates, Inc. for Specialty Tobacco Council, Inc.
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2. Major Findings
As a percent of all youths (ages 12-17), the number of youth that have tried clove cigarettes is miniscule (less than 1%)
The trend on youth smoking of clove cigarettes remains consistently miniscule over time:
Even among youths who have tried tobacco in any form, clove cigarette usage is still miniscule (0.8%)
Compared to other types of risky behaviors (including smoking regular cigarettes), a youth is much more likely to engage in other risky behaviors than smoking clove cigarettes
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3. Prevalence Data
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4. Breakdown of the Smoking Status of Youths (12-17 years old)
Based on 2003 Data (the most recent data available)
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5. Percent of Youths Smoking Clove Cigarettes Remains
Consistently Miniscule over Time:
Source: NSDUH
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6. Even Among Smoking/Using Youths, the Percent of Clove Users is Miniscule
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9. Among Youths the Risk of Clove Smoking is Far Less Than Other Risks
10th grade students are 11 times more likely to experiment with marijuana than smoke clove cigarettes; 12th graders are 11 times more likely to experiment with marijuana than clove cigarettes
10th grade students are 125 times more likely to smoke regular cigarettes than clove ones; 12th graders are 146 times more likely to smoke regular cigarettes
10th grade students are 16 times more likely to experiment with alcohol than clove cigarettes; 12th graders are 21 times more likely to experiment with alcohol
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10. Prevalence of Clove Usage is Declining Among Youth
Relatively low prevalence rates were observed for [clove cigarettes] in the initial years of measurement, and since then use has declined substantially and fairly steadily in all grades.
Annual prevalence of [clove cigarette] use among 12th graders is down by about 40 percent since 2001, including further decline this year.
Therefore, the investigators conclude that [clove cigarettes] constituted short-term fads that have not caught on with mainstream American youth, making it unlikely that they will become the health menace some had feared.
Source: University of Michigan News Service – December 21, 2006
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11. Summary of Findings Based on the National Youth Tobacco Survey: 2000-2004
Based on latest published results (2004 data), among Middle School students the prevalence rate of any kretek/clove cigarette usage was 1.5%. This rate was 29% lower than the 2000 level of 2.1%
Among High School students the 2004 prevalence rate of any kretek/clove cigarette usage was 2.3%. This rate was 45% lower than the 2000 level of 4.2%
Thus, confirming the findings in NSDUH and MTF based on NYTS data, usage of kreteks/clove cigarettes amongst the youth is low and has been sharply declining
High School students are almost nine times more likely to smoke regular cigarettes than clove cigarettes; over five times more likely to smoke cigars; over two times more likely to ever have used snuff or chewing tobacco
Source: NYTS
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12. Documentation of Results
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13. Survey Parameter Acronym NSDUH (SAMHSA Funded) MTF(NIH Funded)
Category
National Survey on Drug Use and Health
Monitoring the Future
National Youth Tobacco Survey
Acronym
NSDUH (SAMHSA Funded)
MTF(NIH Funded)
NYTS(ALF Funded)
Survey institute
Research Triangle Institute
University of Michigan
CDC
Size of sample population (year)
~55,000
~16,500
~28,000
Period conducted
Annually
Biannually
Sampling method
Multistage area probability sample
Stratified, three-stage sampling
Methodology
Personal interview
Questionnaire
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14. Methodology
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15. Footnotes: Breakdown of the smoking status of youths (12-17 years old) based on 2003 data (the most recent data available) NSDUH data
A cigarette smoker was defined to be a “Yes” response to the question: Have you ever smoked part or all of a cigarette (CGO1), a numbered positive response to the question: How long has it been since you last smoked part or all of a cigarette (CG05), and a positive numbered response to the question: During the past 30 days, …, and how many days did you smoke part or all of a cigarette (CG07). The classification of subjects into menthol or non-menthol users was based on the response to the question: During the past 30 days, …, and did you smoke menthol or regular cigarettes most often (CGMENTH1).Individuals that smoked cigarettes in addition to using other types of tobacco products (such as clove cigarettes) were excluded from the chart. Including individuals who smoked cigarettes as well as used other types of tobacco products increases the percent of cigarette smokers from 7.8% to 12.3%.
A clove smoker was defined to be a “Yes” response to the question: Have you ever smoked part or all of a clove cigarette (SPCIG05), a numbered positive response to the question: How long has it been since you last smoked part or all of a clove cigarette (SPCIG06), and a positive numbered response to the question: During the past 30 days, …, and how many days did you smoke part or all of a clove cigarette (SPCIG08). Individuals that smoked cloves in addition to using other types of tobacco products were excluded from the chart. Including individuals who smoked clove cigarettes as well as used other types of tobacco products increases the percent of clove users from 0.1% to 0.7%.
A snuff smoker was defined to be a “Yes” response to the question: Have you ever used snuff, even once (CG25), a numbered positive response to the question: How long has it been since you last used snuff (CG27), and a positive numbered response to the question: During the past 30 days, …, and how many days did you use snuff (CG29). Individuals that used snuff in addition to using other types of tobacco products were excluded from the chart.
See chart on page 4
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16. Footnotes: Breakdown of the smoking status of youths (12-17 years old) based on 2003 data (the most recent data available) NSDUH data (continued)
A chewing tobacco smoker was defined to be a “Yes” response to the question: Have you ever used chewing tobacco, even once (CG17), a numbered positive response to the question: How long has it been since you last used chewing tobacco (CG19), and a positive numbered response to the question: During the past 30 days, …, and how many days did use chewing tobacco (CG21). Individuals that used chewing tobacco in addition to using other types of tobacco products were excluded from the chart.
The “other” category was based on pooling the figures on pipe and cigar users. A pipe smoker was defined to be a “Yes” response to the question: Have you ever smoked tobacco in a pipe, even once (CG42), and a positive numbered response to the question: During the past 30 days, …, and have you smoked tobacco in a pipe, even once (CG43). A cigar smoker was defined to be a “Yes” response to the question: Have you ever smoked part or all of any type of cigar (CG34), a numbered positive response to the question: How long has it been since you last smoked part or all of any type of cigar (CG36), and a positive numbered response to the question: During the past 30 days, …, and how many days did you smoke part or all of a cigar (CG38). Individuals that smoked a pipe or cigars in addition to using other types of tobacco products were excluded from the chart.
The percent of cigarette smokers was simply the weighted average of cigarette smokers compared to all subjects in the study. The weights were based on figures provided in the database. Similarly, the weighted average of snuff-chew users, cigarette non-menthol, cigarette menthol, non-smokers, and others were computed.
See chart on page 4
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17. Footnotes: Percent of youths smoking clove cigarettes remains consistently miniscule over time: NSDUH Data
For the definition of clove smokers, see footnotes to Exhibit Breakdown of the smoking status of youths (12-17 years old) based on 2003 data (the most recent data available)
Non-clove smokers were taken to be all individuals who were not clove users.
See chart on page 5
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18. Footnotes: Even among smoking youths: the percent of clove users is miniscule --- NSDUH Data
For the definition of users of different tobacco products, see footnotes to Exhibit Breakdown of the smoking status of youths (12-17 years old) based on 2003 data (the most recent data available)
Here the base was all smoking youths
For the specifics on the calculations, see footnotes to Exhibit Breakdown of the smoking status of youths (12-17 years old) based on 2003 data (the most recent data available)
See chart on page 6
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19. Footnotes: Compared to other types of risky behaviors, the number of times 10th graders experimented with clove cigarettes is small --- MTF Data
The average number of times in the past year for clove cigarettes was taken to be the number provided to the question: During the last twelve months, on how many occasions (if any) have you smoked kreteks (clove cigarettes) (V6594).
The average number of times in the past year for alcohol was taken to be the number provided to the question: On how many occasions, have you had alcoholic beverages to drink more than just a few sips, during the past twelve months (V6105).
The average number of times in the past year for marijuana was taken to be the number provided to the question: On how many occasions (if any), have you used marijuana (weed, pot) or hashish (hash, hash oil), during the past twelve months (V6116).
The average number of times in the past year for cigarettes smoking was more complex. It required a “Yes” response to the question: Have you ever smoked cigarettes (V6101) and a positive number response to the question: How frequently have you smoked cigarettes during the past 30 days (V6102). The response to this question: was given in cigarettes per day. Let’s say that the response was A cigarettes per day. Then the average number per year was calculated to be (A x 365) / 2 – I. E. we considered an event smoking 2 cigarettes/day.
See charts on pages 7, 8, and 9
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20. Footnotes: Compared to other types of risky behaviors, the number of times 12th graders experimented with clove cigarettes is small --- MTF Data
See footnotes on page 19 for types of risky behaviors for 10th graders
See charts on pages 7, 8, and 9
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21. Footnotes: Summary of Findings Based on the National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS):2000-2004
Kretek users were taken to be anyone who “Used tobacco on at least one occasion during the 30 days proceeding the survey.”
The difference between the results in NSDUH and NYTS can be explained by the following factors: different survey instruments; ages of survey population (a significant percent of high school students sampled in NYTS were 18 or older group that was excluded from our analyses of NSDUH); different survey years; and different criteria for defining a kretek user
See chart on page 11
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