1. kbcqa
ywsun, llzhang

2. Which cities have more than three universities?
Parsing
Grounding
(1) Ungrounded representation Generation
(2) Grounded representation Generation
1.1 Node Recognition
2.1 Node Linking
Question
Ungrounded queries
Grounded Queries
1.2 Structure Predication
2.2 Relation Matching
1. Parsing, P(u|q)
1.1 识别4类结点(variable, entity mention, class mention, literal)
1.2 解析3层结构:
(a) 结点内部的结构, 目的是识别aggregates
(b) 子问题内部的结构, 目的是实体,类型,参数结点之间的关系
(c) 子问题间的结构
2. Grounding, P s u,q, G
2.1 Node Linking: entity mention->entity list; class mention->class list
2.2 Relation Matching: 1:1,1:N mapping
Which cities have more than three universities?
Greece held its last Summer Olympics in which year?
How many daughters does Obama have?
Who was the first president of United States after 2000?
What ‘s the total number of songs originally performed by anna nalick?
1.3 Solution Aggregation

3. Node Recognition
what is the number of tennis tournament championships won by roger federer ?
v is the number of c won by e ?
Entity mention and class mention
Problem: Sequence labeling
Tags: O, I-Entity, I-Class, I-Literal
Method: Bi-directional LSTM
Performance:
Precision: 64.26%
Recall: %
F1 Score: 62.57%
Literal: Sutime
Variable: Wh-words
how many children of eddard stark were born in winterfell ?
how many children of e_1 were born in e_2 ?
what are the violent events that started on 4/7/1995 ?
v are the violent c that started on l ?

4. Parsing Baseline: Computation tree (Alon Talmor, 2018) Limitation:
Problem: Sequence-to-sequence
Method: Pointer Network
P z q , z= z 1 , z 2 , z 3 , z 1 ∈ Comp, Conj , 0≤z 2 ≤ q , −1≤z 3 ≤ q
Performance: 60.9% (exact correct)
Limitation:
Question
Operation
Sub question
what is the number of tennis tournament championships won by roger federer ?
conjunction
what is the number of tennis tournament championships won
by roger federer
how many children of eddard stark were born in winterfell?
how many children of eddard stark were
born in winterfell
Where is the largest country located ?
composition
the largest country located
Where is %composition

5. Parsing
what is the number of tennis tournament championships won by roger federer ?
v is the number of c won by e ?
v is the number of set_1
COUNT (set_1)
Idea: the meaning of a span is determined by the meanings of its sub-span.
span i,k g span k,j g 2 → span i,j {f( g 1 , g 2 )}
Example:
span 0,5 g span 5,8 g 2 → [ span 0,8 ]{f( g 1 , g 2 )}
g 1 =<v, the number of, ?x>
g 2 =<?x, won by, e>, <?x, a, c>
f g 1 , g 2 =<v, the number of, ?x>, <?x, won by, e>, <?x, a, c>
how many children of eddard stark were born in winterfell ?
how many children of e_1 were born in e_2 ?
how many set_1 were born in e_2
how many set_2
COUNT (set_2)
Compositional Semantics
Where is the largest country located ?
Where is the largest c located ?
Where is e located ?
answer

6. CKY chart parsing
Book the flight through Houston