1. Chapter 13: Exploration and Discovery
I. Preparation for Discovery

2. Motives for Exploration
Marco Polo
Search for New Trade Routes
Genoa controlled northern overland routes
Venice controlled southern routes

3. Motives for Exploration
Search for New Trade Routes
Ottoman Turks
Was there a route to the East entirely by sea?

4. Motives for Exploration
Quest for Gold
Stories of great stores of gold in Africa
Desire for Adventure and Glory

5. Motives for Exploration
Religious Concerns
Fear of a Muslim invasion of Europe
Prester John
Most were Roman Catholic

6. Motives for Exploration
Competition Among European Nations
Commercial rivalry
Wealth and power
Colonization

7. Tools for Exploration Maps Instruments Compass
Astrolabe, quadrant, and cross-staff
Determine latitude
Disadvantages

8. Tools for Exploration Seagoing Vessels Ships with oars
Ships with triangular sails
More easily maneuvered
Ships with square sails
More power

9. Tools for Exploration Seagoing Vessels Caravel Fast and light
Both square and triangular sails

10. Chapter 13: Exploration and Discovery
II. Process of Discovery

11. Portugal and Spain Advantages Motivating forces Portugal Rounds Africa
Prince Henry
“The Navigator”
School of navigation

12. Portugal and Spain Portugal Rounds Africa Bartolomeu Dias
Rounded the southern tip of Africa
Vasco da Gama
Reached India
Traded for spices
Broke Muslim trade monopoly

13. Portugal and Spain Spain Sails Westward Christopher Columbus
Thought he could reach the Orient by sailing west
Support of Ferdinand and Isabella
Total of four voyages
Line of Demarcation

14. Line of Demarcation
Encouraged Portugal to colonize in Africa and the East Indies

15. Line of Demarcation Gave Spain nearly all the New World, except Brazil
Cut Spain off from going east around Africa to get to India and China

16. Portugal and Spain Spain Sails Westward Ferdinand Magellan
Only one of his five ships completed the voyage
First circumnavigation of the earth
One great body of water covered the earth

17. Europe and the New World
Amerindian Civilizations
“Indians”
North American Indians
Northeast
Southeast
Plains
Southwest
West Coast

18. Europe and the New World
North American Indians had less structured civilizations
Lived in small groups of tribes
Central and South American Indians had more structured civilizations

19. Europe and the New World
Mayan civilization
4th-10th centuries
Yucatan Peninsula
Accomplishments
Aztecs
Tenochtitlán
Fighters
Never developed a real empire

20. Europe and the New World
Inca Empire
Peru
Conquered neighboring peoples
Accomplishments

21. Europe and the New World
Spanish Exploration
Conquistadors
Search for riches
Convert the Indians to Roman Catholicism
Establish Spanish authority

22. Europe and the New World
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Panama
First European to see the Pacific Ocean

23. Europe and the New World
Hernando Cortés
Mexico
Montezuma, the Aztec king, thought he might be a returning god
Conquered Aztecs and began to build Mexico City
Viceroys

24. Europe and the New World
Francisco Pizarro
Probably the cruelest
Held Atahualpa for ransom
Conquered the Incans
Founded the city of Lima
Bartolomé de las Casas
Condemned treatment of Indians
“New Laws”

25. Europe and the New World
Hernando de Soto
Searched southeastern United States
Discovered Mississippi River
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
“Seven Cities of Cibola”
Southwestern United States

26. Europe and the New World
French, Dutch, and English Exploration
French Explorers:
Jacques Cartier
Three voyages to eastern Canada
Montreal

27. Europe and the New World
Samuel de Champlain
“Father of New France”
Quebec
Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet
Explored Mississippi River
“Louisiana”

28. Europe and the New World
Dutch Explorers:
Henry Hudson
Hudson River
The Dutch subsequently founded New Amsterdam

29. Europe and the New World
English Explorers:
John Cabot
Jamestown
Captain John Smith

30. Europe and the Orient The West Reaches the East The Portuguese
Pedro Cabral
Trading post in India
Affonso de Albuquerque

31. Europe and the Orient The Portuguese Built a commercial empire
Fatal weaknesses

32. Europe and the Orient The Dutch
Took over much of what Portugal had earlier claimed
Only nation Japan would trade with
Cape Town colony

33. Europe and the Orient
The English
Persian Gulf
India

34. Europe and the Orient The East Responds to the West
Resistance in China
Macao
Japan initially more friendly
Francis Xavier
Became mostly closed to Europeans

35. Chapter 13: Exploration and Discovery
III. Parallel to Discovery: The Commercial Revolution

36. Commercial Revolution
Changes in business thinking and practice

37. Mercantilism: Nations Acquiring Wealth
Newly found wealth should benefit the mother country
Goal of nations: Obtain as much precious metal as possible

38. Mercantilism: Nations Acquiring Wealth
Colonies existed to:
Supply the mother country with raw materials
Provide markets where goods from the mother country could be sold

39. Mercantilism: Nations Acquiring Wealth
Government regulated a nation’s economic activity
Wealth usually hoarded in royal treasuries

40. Capitalism: Individuals Advancing Wealth
Goal: To advance wealth
Individuals often organized companies
Joint-stock company
Capital
Dividends

41. Capitalism: Individuals Advancing Wealth
Important joint-stock companies:
English East India Company
Dutch East India Company
French Company of New France

42. Capitalism: Individuals Advancing Wealth
Settlements
Prospectus
Underwriter