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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology
Eleventh Edition Chapter 8 The Appendicular Skeleton Lecture Presentation by Deborah A. Hutchinson Seattle University © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Learning Outcomes 8-1 Identify the bones that form the pectoral girdles, their functions, and their surface features. 8-2 Identify the bones of the upper limbs, their functions, and their surface features. 8-3 Identify the bones that form the pelvic girdle, their functions, and their surface features. 8-4 Identify the bones of the lower limbs, their functions, and their surface features. 8-5 Summarize sex differences and age-related changes in the human skeleton. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton
Includes 60 percent of bones in the body Allows us to move and manipulate objects Includes Bones of limbs Supporting bone girdles © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–1 An Anterior View of the Appendicular Skeleton (Part 1 of 2).
SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 APPENDICULAR SKELETON 126 AXIAL SKELETON 80 Clavicle 2 Pectoral girdles 4 Scapula 2 Humerus 2 Upper limbs 60 Radius 2 Ulna 2 The numbers in the boxes indicate the total number of bones of each type or within each category. ATLAS: Plates 1a,b Carpal bones 16 Metacarpals 10 Phalanges 28 Pelvic girdle 2 Hip bone 2 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Femur 2 Lower limbs 60 Patella 2 Tibia 2 Fibula 2 Tarsal bones 14
Figure 8–1 An Anterior View of the Appendicular Skeleton (Part 2 of 2). Femur 2 Lower limbs 60 Patella 2 Tibia 2 Fibula 2 Tarsal bones 14 Metatarsals 10 The numbers in the boxes indicate the total number of bones of each type or within each category. ATLAS: Plates 1a,b Phalanges 28 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-1 The Pectoral Girdles Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)
Connects each arm to the body Movements position the shoulder joint And provide a basis for arm movement Each girdle consists of One clavicle One scapula Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-1 The Pectoral Girdles Clavicles (collarbones) S-shaped bones
Originate at the manubrium (sternal end) Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–2a The Right Clavicle.
Scapula Jugular notch ATLAS: Plates 26a,b a The position of the clavicle within the pectoral girdle, anterior view. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–2b The Right Clavicle.
Sternal end Acromial end LATERAL MEDIAL Facet for articulation with acromion ATLAS: Plates 26a,b b Superior view of the right clavicle. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–2c The Right Clavicle.
Sternal end Acromial end MEDIAL LATERAL Conoid tubercle Costal tuberosity Sternal facet ATLAS: Plates 26a,b c Inferior view of the right clavicle. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-1 The Pectoral Girdles Scapulae (shoulder blades)
Broad, flat triangles Articulate with humerus and clavicle Anterior surface depression is subscapular fossa Three sides of each scapula Superior border Medial border (vertebral border) Lateral border (axillary border) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-1 The Pectoral Girdles Corners of scapulae Superior angle
Inferior angle Lateral angle Lateral angle supports the glenoid cavity Articulates with humerus To form shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-1 The Pectoral Girdles Scapular processes Coracoid process
Small and anterior Acromion Large and posterior Articulates with clavicle at acromioclavicular joint Spine Ridge across posterior surface Divides supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–3a The Right Scapula.
Superior angle Acromion Coracoid process Superior border Lateral angle Subscapular fossa Medial border Lateral border ATLAS: Plates 26a,b Inferior angle a Anterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–3b The Right Scapula.
Supraglenoid tubercle Coracoid process Acromion Glenoid cavity Spine ATLAS: Plates 26a,b Lateral border Inferior angle b Lateral view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–3c The Right Scapula.
Supraspinous fossa Coracoid process Acromion Superior border Neck Spine Infraspinous fossa ATLAS: Plates 26a,b Medial border Lateral border Inferior angle c Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs Skeleton of upper limbs Consists of bones of the
Arms (arm = shoulder to elbow) Forearms Wrists Hands Humerus The only bone in the arm (brachium) Extends from scapula to elbow © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs Humerus Head
Round, proximal portion that articulates with scapula Greater tubercle Rounded projection on lateral surface Forms lateral contour of shoulder Lesser tubercle Anterior, medial projection Tubercles are separated by intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs Humerus Anatomical neck
Marks extent of joint capsule Surgical neck Corresponds to metaphysis of growing bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs Shaft of humerus Deltoid tuberosity
Large, rough elevation on lateral surface Attaches deltoid muscle Radial groove On posterior surface For radial nerve © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs Medial and lateral epicondyles
Distal expansions for muscle attachment Condyle of the humerus Articulates with ulna and radius Trochlea Extends from coronoid fossa to olecranon fossa Capitulum forms lateral surface Radial fossa is superior to capitulum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–4a The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint (Part 1 of 1).
Greater tubercle Head Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Intertubercular sulcus Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Shaft ATLAS: Plates 31; 34a–d Note that for simplicity, an illustration of a single bone throughout this chapter will have labels that do not include the name of the bone. For example, these photographs of a humerus have the label Head rather than Head of the humerus, or Humeral head. In figures where more than one bone is shown, labels will use complete names to avoid confusion. Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea Condyle a Anterior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–4b The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint.
Head Greater tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Radial groove ATLAS: Plates 31; 34a–d Note that for simplicity, an illustration of a single bone throughout this chapter will have labels that do not include the name of the bone. For example, these photographs of a humerus have the label Head rather than Head of the humerus, or Humeral head. In figures where more than one bone is shown, labels will use complete names to avoid confusion. Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Trochlea b Posterior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–4c The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint.
Radial fossa Capitulum Trochlea Medial epicondyle Head of radius Coronoid process of ulna ATLAS: Plates 31; 34a–d Note that for simplicity, an illustration of a single bone throughout this chapter will have labels that do not include the name of the bone. For example, these photographs of a humerus have the label Head rather than Head of the humerus, or Humeral head. In figures where more than one bone is shown, labels will use complete names to avoid confusion. Radial notch of ulna c Elbow joint, anterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–4d The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint.
Trochlea of humerus Humerus Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle Olecranon Head of radius ATLAS: Plates 31; 34a–d Note that for simplicity, an illustration of a single bone throughout this chapter will have labels that do not include the name of the bone. For example, these photographs of a humerus have the label Head rather than Head of the humerus, or Humeral head. In figures where more than one bone is shown, labels will use complete names to avoid confusion. Ulna d Elbow joint, posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs Forearm (antebrachium) Consists of two long bones
Ulna (medial) Radius (lateral) Interosseous membrane Fibrous sheet Connects lateral margin of ulna to radius © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs Ulna Olecranon is proximal end Point of elbow
Forms superior lip of trochlear notch Trochlear notch articulates with trochlea of humerus Coronoid process Forms inferior lip of trochlear notch © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs Articulations between ulna and humerus
At limit of extension Olecranon swings into olecranon fossa At limit of flexion Coronoid process projects into coronoid fossa © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs Other articulations of ulna Radial notch
Articulates with head of radius To form proximal radio-ulnar joint Head of ulna (ulnar head) Has ulnar styloid process Attaches to articular disc between forearm and wrist Articulates with radius to form distal radio-ulnar joint © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs Radius Lateral bone of forearm
Disc-shaped head of radius above the neck Radial tuberosity below the neck Attaches biceps brachii Ulnar notch at distal end Articulates with head of ulna Radial styloid process on lateral surface Stabilizes wrist joint © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–5a The Right Radius and Ulna.
Olecranon Proximal radio-ulnar joint Head of radius Neck of radius Ulna Radius Interosseous membrane ATLAS: Plates 31; 35f; 36a,b Ulnar notch of radius Head of ulna Ulnar styloid process Radial styloid process a Posterior view. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–5b The Right Radius and Ulna.
Trochlear notch Coronoid process Head of radius Radial notch Neck of radius Ulnar tuberosity Radial tuberosity Radius Ulna Interosseous membrane ATLAS: Plates 31; 35f; 36a,b Distal radio-ulnar joint Head of ulna Radial styloid process b Anterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–5c The Right Radius and Ulna.
Olecranon Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Ulnar tuberosity ATLAS: Plates 31; 35f; 36a,b Ulna c Lateral view of ulna, showing trochlear notch © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs Bones of wrist and hand Eight carpal bones
Four proximal carpal bones Four distal carpal bones Allow wrist to bend and twist © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs Proximal carpal bones Scaphoid
Near styloid process of radius Lunate Medial to scaphoid Triquetrum Medial to lunate Pisiform Anterior to triquetrum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs Distal carpal bones Trapezium Lateral Trapezoid
Medial to trapezium Capitate Largest Hamate Medial © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–6 Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand.
Proximal Carpal Bones Proximal Carpal Bones Radius Ulna Ulna Radius Distal Carpal Bones Distal Carpal Bones Scaphoid Scaphoid Lunate Lunate Trapezium Trapezium Triquetrum Triquetrum Trapezoid Trapezoid Capitate Pisiform Capitate Pisiform Hamate Hamate I I V V II III IV Metacarpals IV III II Metacarpals Pollex Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Phalanges Phalanges ATLAS: Plates 38a,b Proximal Proximal Middle Middle Distal Distal a Anterior view b Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs Metacarpals The five long bones of the hand
Numbered I–V from lateral to medial Articulate with proximal phalanges Phalanges (finger bones) Pollex (thumb) Has two phalanges (proximal, distal) Each of the other four fingers Has three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–6a Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand.
Proximal Carpal Bones Radius Ulna Distal Carpal Bones Scaphoid Lunate Trapezium Triquetrum Trapezoid Pisiform Capitate Hamate I V IV II III Metacarpals Pollex Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx ATLAS: Plates 38a,b Phalanges Proximal Middle Distal a Anterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–6b Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand.
Proximal Carpal Bones Ulna Radius Distal Carpal Bones Scaphoid Lunate Trapezium Trapezoid Triquetrum Capitate Pisiform Hamate I V II IV III Metacarpals ATLAS: Plates 38a,b Phalanges Proximal Middle Distal b Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Pelvic girdle Consists of two hip bones
Also called coxal bones or pelvic bones Attaches to lower limbs Strong to bear body weight and provide mobility Part of the pelvis Each hip bone consists of three fused bones Ilium Ischium Pubis © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Acetabulum
Socket on lateral surface of each hip bone Lunate surface articulates with head of femur Meeting point of ilium, ischium, and pubis Acetabular notch A gap in the ridge that forms margins of acetabulum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–7a The Right Hip Bone.
POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Ischium Pubis Gluteal Lines Iliac crest Anterior Inferior Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Acetabulum Lunate surface Posterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum The left and right hip bones make up the pelvic girdle. Acetabular notch Greater sciatic notch Pubis Ischial spine Superior pubic ramus Lesser sciatic notch Obturator foramen Pubic tubercle Inferior pubic ramus Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus a Right hip bone, lateral views © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Ilium Greater sciatic notch For sciatic nerve
Arcuate line Continuous with pectineal line Iliac crest Upper brim Iliac fossa Depression between iliac crest and arcuate line © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Ischium Ischial spine
Superior to lesser sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity Posterior projection you sit on Ischial ramus Meets inferior pubic ramus © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Pubis Inferior pubic ramus Superior pubic ramus
Pectineal line is a ridge on anterior, superior surface Pubic symphysis Where pubic bones attach to a pad of fibrocartilage Obturator foramen Space encircled by ischial and pubic rami Closed by collagen fibers that attach hip muscles © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–7a The Right Hip Bone.
POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Ischium Pubis Gluteal Lines Iliac crest Anterior Inferior Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Acetabulum Lunate surface Posterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum The left and right hip bones make up the pelvic girdle. Acetabular notch Greater sciatic notch Pubis Ischial spine Superior pubic ramus Lesser sciatic notch Obturator foramen Pubic tubercle Inferior pubic ramus Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus a Right hip bone, lateral views © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–7b The Right Hip Bone.
Ilium ANTERIOR POSTERIOR Pubis Ischium Iliac crest Auricular surface for articulation with sacrum Anterior superior iliac spine Iliac fossa Iliac tuberosity Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine The left and right hip bones make up the pelvic girdle. Greater sciatic notch Arcuate line Pubis Ischial spine Superior pubic ramus Lesser sciatic notch Pectineal line Pubic tubercle Ischial tuberosity Inferior pubic ramus Ischial ramus Location of pubic symphysis b Right hip bone, medial views © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Pelvis
Consists of two hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae Sacro-iliac joints Where auricular surfaces of ilia articulate with sacrum Stabilized by ligaments arising at iliac tuberosity © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–8a The Pelvis of an Adult Male.
Sacrum Coccyx Ilium Pubis Hip bone Ischium Lumbar disc Iliac crest L5 Iliac fossa Sacro-iliac joint Ilium Arcuate line Sacrum Look back at Figure 7–22, p. 235, for a detailed view of the sacrum and coccyx. Pubis Acetabulum Pubic symphysis Pubic tubercle Ischium Obturator foramen a Anterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–8b The Pelvis of an Adult Male.
Sacrum Coccyx Ilium Pubis Hip bone Ischium Iliac crest L5 Sacral foramina Posterior superior iliac spine Sacrum Greater sciatic notch Look back at Figure 7–22, p. 235, for a detailed view of the sacrum and coccyx.) Posterior inferior iliac spine Ischial spine Ischial tuberosity Coccyx b Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Bones of the pelvis enclose the pelvic cavity
True pelvis Inferior to pelvic brim Encloses pelvic inlet False pelvis Superior to pelvic brim © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Pelvic outlet
The opening bounded by coccyx, ischial tuberosities, and inferior border of pubic symphysis Fetus passes through during childbirth Perineum Surface region bordered by inferior edges of pelvis Perineal muscles Form floor of pelvic cavity Support organs in true pelvis © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–9a Divisions of the Pelvis.
False pelvis Pelvic outlet Pelvic brim Pelvic inlet a Superior view. The pelvic brim,pelvic inlet, and pelvic outlet. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–9b Divisions of the Pelvis.
False pelvis Pelvic inlet Pelvic brim True pelvis Pelvic outlet b Lateral view. The boundaries of the true (lesser) pelvis (shown in purple) and the (false) greater pelvis. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–9c Divisions of the Pelvis.
Pelvic outlet Ischial spine c Inferior view. The limits of the pelvic outlet. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Comparing the male and female pelvis
Broader, smoother, and lighter Less-prominent markings Shallower iliac fossa Wider pelvic outlet Triangular obturator foramen © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–14 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton (Part 1 of 4).
MALE SKULL FEMALE Heavier, rougher General Appearance Lighter, smoother About 10% larger Cranium About 10% smaller More sloping Forehead More vertical Larger Sinuses Smaller Larger Teeth Smaller ATLAS: Plates 32; 75a–d; 77 Larger, squarer, more robust Smaller, narrower, less robust Mandible © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–14 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton (Part 2 of 4).
PELVIS Narrower, rougher, more robust General appearance Broader, smoother, less robust More vertical; extends further superior to sacro-iliac joint Less vertical; less extension superior to sacral articulation Ilium Long, narrow triangle with pronounced sacral curvature Broad, short triangle with less sacral curvature Sacrum Deeper Iliac fossa Shallower Narrower, Heart shaped Open, circular shaped Pelvic inlet Narrow Pelvic outlet Wide Points anteriorly Points inferiorly Coccyx Directed laterally Faces slightly anteriorly ATLAS: Plates 32; 75a–d; 77 Acetabulum Oval Obturator foramen Triangular Less than 90º Pubic angle 100º or more OTHER Bone mass and density Greater Lesser More prominent Bone markings Less prominent © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs Functions of the lower limbs Weight bearing
Movement © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs Bones of the lower limbs Femur (in thigh)
Patella (kneecap) Tibia and fibula (in leg) Tarsal bones Metatarsals Phalanges Leg = distal portion of limb (from knee to ankle) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs Femur Longest, heaviest bone in body
Head (epiphysis) Articulates with hip bone at acetabulum Attaches with ligament at fovea capitis Neck Joins shaft at an angle of about 125 degrees © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs Femur Greater and lesser trochanters
Large, rough projections at junction of neck and shaft For tendon attachments Intertrochanteric line On anterior surface Marks edge of articular capsule Intertrochanteric crest On posterior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs Femur Linea aspera
Ridge along center of posterior surface of shaft Attaches hip muscles Divides into two ridges that continue to epicondyles © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs Femur Medial and lateral epicondyles
Projections above knee joint Medial and lateral condyles Rounded surfaces that form part of knee joint Separated by intercondylar fossa posteriorly Separated by patellar surface anteriorly and inferiorly © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–10 Bone Markings on the Right Femur.
Neck Neck Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Head Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric crest Intertrochanteric line Gluteal tuberosity Lesser trochanter Pectineal line Linea aspera Shaft Lateral supracondylar ridge ATLAS: Plates 32; 75a–d; 77 Medial supracondylar ridge Patellar surface Adductor tubercle Intercondylar fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle Medial condyle Lateral condyle a Anterior surface b Posterior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs Patella (kneecap) Large sesamoid bone
Forms within tendon of quadriceps femoris Quadriceps tendon attaches near base Patellar ligament attaches apex to tibia © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–11a The Right Patella and Patella with Femur.
Base of patella Attachment area for quadriceps tendon Attachment area for patellar ligament Apex of patella a Anterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–11b The Right Patella and Patella with Femur.
Lateral facet, for lateral condyle of femur Medial facet, for medial condyle of femur Articular surface of patella b Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–11c The Right Patella and Patella with Femur.
Lateral facet, for lateral condyle of femur Medial facet, for medial condyle of femur Lateral condyle of femur Medial condyle of femur c Inferior view of right femur and patella © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs Bones of the leg Tibia and fibula
Bound together by interosseous membrane © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs Tibia (shinbone)
Large, medial, weight-bearing bone of leg Medial and lateral tibial condyles Articulate with medial and lateral condyles of femur Separated by intercondylar eminence Tibial tuberosity On anterior surface Attaches patellar ligament © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs Tibia Anterior margin
Ridge that extends distally from tibial tuberosity Medial malleolus Medial projection at ankle © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs Fibula Small, lateral bone of leg
Head articulates with tibia At lateral tibial condyle No articulation with femur Attaches muscles of feet and toes Lateral malleolus Lateral projection at ankle © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–12a The Right Tibia and Fibula.
Lateral tibial condyle Medial tibial condyle Head of fibula Superior tibiofibular joint Tibial tuberosity Interosseous membrane Anterior margin Tibia ATLAS: Plates 32; 80a,b; 83a,b Fibula Medial malleolus (tibia) Lateral malleolus (fibula) Inferior articular surface a Anterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–12b The Right Tibia and Fibula.
Intercondylar eminence Articular surface of medial tibial condyle Articular surface of lateral tibial condyle Medial tibial condyle Lateral tibial condyle Head of fibula Interosseous membrane Tibia Fibula ATLAS: Plates 32; 80a,b; 83a,b Inferior tibiofibular joint Medial malleolus (tibia) Lateral malleolus (fibula) b Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–12c The Right Tibia and Fibula.
Anterior margin Tibia Fibula Interosseous membrane ATLAS: Plates 32; 80a,b; 83a,b c Transverse section of tibia and fibula, inferior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs Ankle (tarsus) consists of seven tarsal bones
Talus Transfers weight from tibia across trochlea Calcaneus (heel bone) Largest tarsal bone Transfers weight from talus to ground Attaches calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) Cuboid Articulates with calcaneus © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs Seven tarsal bones Navicular
Articulates with talus and three cuneiform bones Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Cuboid and cuneiform bones articulate with metatarsals © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–13a Bones of the Ankle and Foot.
Tarsal bones Calcaneus Trochlea of talus Navicular Cuboid Cuneiform bones Lateral Intermediate Medial V IV III II I Metatarsals ATLAS: Plates 32; 85a; 86a,c; 87a–c; 88 Phalanges Hallux Proximal Proximal phalanx Middle Distal phalanx Distal a Superior view, right foot © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs Metatarsals Five long bones of foot
Numbered I–V, medial to lateral Articulate with proximal phalanges © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs Phalanges 14 bones of the toes Hallux (great toe)
Has two phalanges (proximal, distal) Each of the other four toes Has three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–13a Bones of the Ankle and Foot.
Tarsal bones Calcaneus Trochlea of talus Navicular Cuboid Cuneiform bones Lateral Intermediate Medial V IV III II I Metatarsals ATLAS: Plates 32; 85a; 86a,c; 87a–c; 88 Phalanges Hallux Proximal Proximal phalanx Middle Distal phalanx Distal a Superior view, right foot © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–13b Bones of the Ankle and Foot.
Talus Cuboid Navicular Cuneiform bones Metatarsals Phalanges Calcaneus ATLAS: Plates 32; 85a; 86a,c; 87a–c; 88 b Lateral view, right foot © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs Arches of the foot
Transfer weight from one part of foot to another Longitudinal arch Ties calcaneus to distal portions of metatarsals Transverse arch The difference in curvature from one side of foot to the other © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–13c Bones of the Ankle and Foot.
Medial cuneiform bone Navicular Talus Metatarsals Phalanges Calcaneus ATLAS: Plates 32; 85a; 86a,c; 87a–c; 88 Medial part of longitudinal arch Transverse arch Lateral part of longitudinal arch c Medial view, right foot © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-5 Individual Skeletal Variation
Skeletal features can reveal Muscle strength and mass (bone ridges, bone mass) Medical history (condition of teeth, healed fractures) Sex and age (bone measurements and fusion) Body size Modifications in female pelvis for childbearing Hormone relaxin produced during pregnancy Loosens pubic symphysis and sacro-iliac ligaments Increases size of pelvic inlet and outlet © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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