1. Ethnic conflicts, genocide, & terrorism increased throughout the world

2. De-colonization - Nationalism Ethnicity and Politics

3. Desire for state boundaries to match ethnic boundaries
National Congruence
Desire for state boundaries to match ethnic boundaries
Ethnicity:
an ethnic group; a social group that shares a common and distinctive culture, religion, language, or the like

4. State response: Coercion (forced assimilation)
Ethnocide
(forced assimilation)
Hungarian sign defaced in Romania.
Turks forced to change names in Bulgaria.
Genocide
(extermination)
800,000 Tutsis killed in Rwanda, 1994.

5. Religious Territoriality
States defined by religion and religious law
(Theocracy)
Israel
ISIS
Iran

6. Other Issues Ethnic Unrest Azerbaijan Chechnya
After Soviet Union fell, underlying issues in region bubbled to top
Two were ethnic unrest, need for new governments
One example of ethnic unrest took place in Chechnya, in Caucasus region
Azerbaijan
Early 1990s, another example of ethnic conflict occurred when ethnic Armenian minority sought to break away from country of Azerbaijan
Tens of thousands died in fighting that followed
Chechnya
Chechnya considered part of Russia
When Chechens tried to gain independence from Russia, dispute led to bloody fighting, insurgency that still affects region today

7. Chechens Yeltsin orders Russian forces into Chechnya
DOCUMENTARY
Russians flatten Grozny
capital of Chechnya, 2000
Russia attacks Chechen Muslims
(state territoriality)

8. SIX REPUBLICS OF YUGOSLAVIA
Controlled by Soviet Union: Eastern Europe
Croatia, Slovenia
(Catholic)
Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia
(Orthodox)
Bosnia
(Muslim)
Kosovo
(Muslim part of Serbia)

9. Serbs expelled from Croatia Albanians expelled from Kosovo
Ethnic cleansing
Forced removal of an ethnic group
To make area ethnically “pure”
Serbs expelled from Croatia
1995
Albanians expelled from Kosovo
(Serbia), 1999

10. (Serbs vs. Muslims vs. Croats)
Bosnia
(Serbs vs. Muslims vs. Croats)
Same race, spoken language
Different religion,
script, “ethnic” group
Intermarried, cooperated,
1950s-80s; At war 1990s
Muslim and Serb refugees
From Sarajevo

11. Former Yugoslavia Today

12. Ethnic minority regions in the new Russia
Russians fear one secession would spread to all

13. (Catholics vs. Protestants) Religion and economic class
Northern Ireland
(Catholics vs. Protestants)
Religion and economic class

14. (Catholics vs. Protestants)
Northern Ireland
(Catholics vs. Protestants)
IRA
Irish Republican Army
(Catholic)

15. Contending Theories Ethnic hatred is always there;
politics can keep a “lid” on it
Ethnic hatred is a “tool”,
used for political and economic power