1. GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
UNIT 2
INFANT

2. TERMS & DEFINITIONS Bond Cognitive Conceptualize Deciduous teeth
Dentition
Environmental
Fine motor
Fontanel
Gross motor
Incisor
Protest
Puree
Reflex

3. Aspects of Normal G & D Rapid growth 6 months – doubles birth weight
12 months – triples birth weight
1st 6 months – height increase 6 inches
2nd 6 months – another 4-6 inches
Growth gradually slows after 1st year

4. Skeletal System Skull circumference - Size increase Fontanels
- Anterior
- Posterior
- Purpose
- Appearance

5. Skeletal system Skeleton Different Proportions
Trunk fastest growing part
Teeth
Lower central incisors
Eruption rate varies
1 yr: ~ 6 teeth: lower central, upper central & lateral incisors
Fluoride supplements

6. Muscular System Muscle fibers same as adult
Boys more muscle tissue at birth & life span
Cephalocaudal, proximal-distal developmental pattern
Increase control of muscles
Fine motor control

7. Neurological development
Gain muscular control
Immature birth
1. Protective reflexes
2. Infant only reflexes
a. Rooting
b. Sucking
c. Protrusion (extrusion)

8. Neurological (cont) Other infant only reflexes --Step (Dance)
--Grasp (Palmar)
--Moro (Startle)
--Tonic neck

9. Sight Human face & moving objects
Retina fully developed 4 months, can see at birth
Focus & coordination 6 months
Tears 2 – 3 months

10. Hearing Tone represents meanings Mother’s voice & others
Soothing voices = quiet
Loud voices = startle reflex
Eustachian tube
Short & straight = increase infection frequencies

11. Taste & smell Touch ==present ==developing ==sensitive to touch
==pain sensitivity

12. Skin Good turgor, texture Increase bathing with age
Assess skin hydration

13. Circulatory Respiratory A. Apical pulse Birth 30 – 60 Stabilizes to 30
B. Blood pressure
90/60
Respiratory
Birth 30 – Stabilizes to 30
B. Note chest
movements

14. Gastrointestinal Digest basic nutrients Drooling begins 2-4 months
Active peristalsis
Stools: soft progresses to form
Breast fed versus formula
BM frequency: 2 month old – 2/day
@ 4 months more predictable

15. Urinary Sleep Amount increase with age Large amount of sleep preserves
energy for high rate of
internal growth

16. Erickson’s Psychosocial Task
Trust vs. mistrust
Optimism, warmth vs.
Sense of deprivation
- Needs dependent on others = trust in people & environment, if met
Social ability fluctuates
Smile is general initially
- Then smiles in response
to familiar objects &
people
- After 6-7 months; fear strangers; cling to familiar people
- Full socialization later

17. Cognitive development - Piaget
Sensorimotor – up to 2 years
- Interacts with & copes with environment
Perfects skills by trial & error
Learning
- Actions memorized & repetition helps to learn
- Modeling, shaping & encouragement
Language acquisition

18. Psychosexual development - Freud
Oral stage
Birth - 1 year
Mouth = comfort & pleasure

19. Health Promotion Measures
Adequate rest
Exercise
Elimination
Disease prevention
Diaper Rash

20. Immunization Merits Prevent undue risk of serious illness
Preventable diseases
Epidemics can occur
Parent loses work hours
Illness increases Dr./hospital visits & costs
Required for school entrance
A way to show you care

21. Immunization Merits
Delay or interruption doesn’t interfere with final immunity
The common cold is not considered sufficient reason for delay.

22. Nutritional Needs Options
Calorie requirement – 120/kg of body weight to 100/kg by end of 1st year
Protein, fats, CHO, vitamins, minerals
Breast milk
Formula
Guide to diet sufficient
Solid foods

23. Safety Measures Motor vehicle accidents Aspiration of foreign objects
Suffocation
Burns
Falls
Drowning

24. Legal / Ethical Issues Child abuse Physical & sexual a. Reporting
b. Eliminate the incidence
c. Top priority – safety of the child
d. Social level