1. MENTAL HEALTH
UNIT 1

2. MENTAL HEALTH
Ability to ________________________________________________________________________
ADL’s
Solve problems
Set goals, adapt to change, enjoy life
Self aware, directed, responsible for their actions
Cope well

3. MENTAL HEALTH
Influencing Factors: 1. 2. 3.

4. MENTAL ILLNESS
Disturbance in… ________________________________________________________________________
Interfere with ADL’s
Impair judgments
Alter reality

5. HISTORY - PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES
Illnesses - spirits; mental illness - demons
Removing the evil
Not disruptive =
Disruptive =

6. HISTORY - GREECE & ROME Hippocrates – mental illness result of …
Each element related to…
Humoral theory of disease-

7. HISTORY - DARK AGES AD500 – 1100 care of the sick shifted from…
Early Christians = disease result of …

8. HISTORY - DARK AGES (cont)
Exorcisms to ______________ mental illness
Lunacy =

9. HISTORY - THE RENAISSANCE
16th century; behaviors were recorded
-- depression, mania, & psychopathic personalities were ______________
Mental problems = brain disorders
Exception: sexual fantasies were still thought to be…

10. HISTORY - EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
People still treated with blood letting, purging, & confinement
New therapies consisted of…

11. HISTORY - NINETEENTH CENTURY
Dr. Benjamin Rush
Wrote _________________________
Got mentally ill out of _____________
& into ______________
Dorothea Dix
Improved…

12. HISTORY - TWENTIETH CENTURY
Clifford Beers -
Wrote a book …
Committee for Mental Hygiene formed
Sigmund Freud -

13. HISTORY - TWENTIETH CENTURY
Psychotherapeutic drugs introduced
Sedatives to quiet pts.
1949 –__________________ control mood swings
more institutionalized pts. were free to lead a
more normal life = ____________________

14. HISTORY - TWENTIETH CENTURY (cont)
Psychotherapeutic drugs introduced
1956 – thorazine (antipsychotic) introduced
Late 1950’s – imipramine; first antidepressant
1960’s – antianxiety drugs

15. Twenty-First Century NAMI recommendations
___________________________________

16. Twenty-First Century (cont)
But today
___________________________________
Challenge
Comprehensive, cost-efficient care

17. DEFINITIONS Value = Feeling about the worth of an item, idea or
behavior 1. 2. 3.

18. DEFINITIONS Right = A power, privilege or existence to which one
has a just claim 1. 2.

19. DEFINITIONS Ethics = Set of rules or values that govern right behavior1. 2. 3.

20. CODES OF ETHICS Autonomy Beneficence
= Right of people to act for themselves &
make personal choices
Beneficence
= Actively do good

21. CODES OF ETHICS Nonmaleficence Justice = Do no harm
= To be treated equally, fairly & respectfully

22. BILL OF RIGHTS -1972 All clients have the right to:
________________
______________

23. ADMISSIONS Voluntary - Involuntary - occurs against clients will
Must meet at least one of three criteria: 1. 2. 3.
Petition, examination, determination

24. RESPONSIBILITY
Help clients cope with their mental & emotional problems
Elopement =
+ Care givers may be liable if client injured
+ Supervision & accurate documentation
Duty to warn =

25. DEFINITIONS
Culture =
Ethnicity =
Religion =

26. CULTURAL ORIENTATION
3 Influences factors -
Stereotype =

27. SOCIOCULTURAL ISSUES Naturalistic illness
Caused by ______________________________________________________________________________
Forces that exist …

28. SOCIOCULTURAL ISSUES (CONT)
Personalistic illness
Seen as ______________________________________________________________________________

29. EARLY THEORIES & THERAPIES
Darwin’s theory = ________________________________________________________________________
Latter half of 19th century – people who were impaired or unsuccessful were by nature, lower on the evolutionary scale
Poverty, disease, alcoholism & mental illness - Product of inferior genetic makeup

30. EARLY THEORIES & THERAPIES (cont)
William James – _____________________
Practical applications & common sense issues
Mental functions _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

31. EARLY THEORIES & THERAPIES (cont)
Sigmund Freud – psychoanalysis (explore the unconscious)
Human mind – 3 interacting structures Id
Ego
Superego

32. ID 1. 2. 3. 4.

33. EGO 1. 2. 3. 4.

34. SUPEREGO
Formed from …
________________________________________________________________________________
Uses internal standards of right / wrong

35. SUPEREGO (cont) 2 parts: 1. ___________________
1. ___________________
Punishes through guilt & anxiety when behaviors move away from its strict, rigid standards
2. ___________________
Rewards with satisfaction & well being for behaviors kept within expectations

36. EARLY THEORIES & THERAPIES (cont)
Behavioral theories - all behavior is learned
B. F. Skinner
Organisms moved toward pleasure & away from pain
Rewards for positive behavior enforced desired behaviors
Negative reinforcements weakened & faded out undesirable behaviors

37. EARLY THEORIES & THERAPIES (cont)
______________________:
Guiding person to replace unacceptable response with more desirable behavior
Overall approach to changing observable behavior

38. CONTEMPORARY THEORIES & THERAPIES
Psychotherapy
Treating by ______________ rather than ______________ means
Individual therapies
Work one-on-one basis with a therapist
Psychoanalysis
Analyze …

39. CONTEMPORARY THEORIES & THERAPIES (cont)
Cognitive therapy
____________________________________________________________________
Brief therapy
Focus on __________________________
Effective for managing depression, marriage, family problems & stress

40. CONTEMPORARY THEORIES & THERAPIES (cont)
Group therapies
Developed after WWII because of a shortage of psychiatrists
Run by therapist; limited number of clients who may attend
Self help groups (AA, support groups)

41. CONTEMPORARY THEORIES & THERAPIES (cont)
Somatic therapies
Drug treatment, ECT
Based on biochemical & physiological research

42. CONTEMPORARY THEORIES & THERAPIES (cont)
Biofeedback
____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Relaxation techniques
___________________________________

43. CONTEMPORARY THEORIES & THERAPIES (cont)
Phototherapy
____________________________________
Acupuncture
Treat drug addictions

44. HEALTH & ILLNESS - Health Illness
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Illness
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

45. 5 STAGES OF ILLNESS Stage 1: ____________________________
Person becomes aware that something is wrong
Physical or emotional but perceived as wrong
May use over the counter meds, or deny problem exists
Moves to 2nd stage when recognizes presence of a health problem

46. 5 STAGES OF ILLNESS Stage 2 - _______________________
Person seeks to confirm the presence of illness
Talk to other people
Several purposes:
Get to play sick & let others take up the slack
Permission given for the person to rest
Social responsibilities of interacting with others are relieved

47. 5 STAGES OF ILLNESS Stage 3: ___________________________
Symptoms persist & at home remedies are not working, person must consult a medical professional
Stage 4: ____________________________
Ill person accepts the help of others
Have particular need to be informed & emotionally supported

48. 5 STAGES OF ILLNESS Stage 5: ____________________________
May happen quickly (antibiotics kick in)
More slowly (recovery from chemo)
Gradually during this time the person resumes their normal roles & responsibilities

49. 5 STAGES OF ILLNESS (cont)
Not everyone passes through every stage
Pass through at different paces
Understand emotional aspects = better able to plan & implement effective care

50. HOSPITALIZATION STAGES
1. _________________________________
2. _________________________________
Ill person gradually gains strength to reestablish some personal identity
Realize they are not the only ones needing care but assert self-centered tendencies
3. __________________________________
Adapts to environment to become interested in their illness & learning

51. HOSPITALIZATION PROBLEMS
Individual & family must cope with mental illness stigma
Friends may be reluctant to discuss the illness or feel awkward about offering their support

52. HOSPITALIZATION PROBLEMS (cont)
Employers may question fitness for the job
Insurance companies may try to deny payment for treatment
Received a diagnostic label that follows him / her for years

53. HOSPITALIZATION PROBLEMS (cont)
Affected by the numerous stories about life in a psychiatric hospital
Admission may be seen as confirmation that he or she is crazy
If clients are alert & aware, may fear other client’s behaviors

54. DISCHARGE PLANNING Begins at admission
_____________________________________?
Good discharge planning = ________________________________________________________________________