1. Systems to Be Considered Currently
Gases
Liquids
Solids

2. Must Be in an Equilibrium State
No Flow or Turbulence
Independent of History
No Thermal Gradients

3. Simple System Macroscopically homogeneous, isotropic, uncharged, and
chemically inert, that [is] sufficiently large that surface
effects can be neglected, and that are not acted upon by
electric, magnetic or gravitational fields.
Herbert B. Callen

4. Why a Limited Number of Variables?

5. Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
Heat Flows: High Temp – to – Low Temp
Work – to – Heat 100% Efficient

6. James Prescott Joule
(1818 – 1889)
Julius Robert Mayer
(1814 – 1878)

7. Steam Engines
Rankine Cycle
Camshaft
Red = Hot Steam
Yellow = Exhaust

9. Thomas Newcomen
First Piston Steam Engine
1709
James Watt
Improved Efficiency of
Steam Engine
1765
Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot
Analyzed the Steam Engine
1824

10. Engines and Refrigerators

11. Second Law (Kelvin Statement)
Lord Kelvin
(1824 – 1907)

12. Second Law (Clausius Statement)
Rudolf Clausius
(1822 – 1888)

13. Equivalence of 2nd Law Statements
Assume the Clausius Stmt is Wrong

14. Assume the Kelvin Stmt is Wrong

15. Can Qh and Qc Have the Same Sign?

16. Can Irrev Engine be more Effec than Rev Engine?

18. Carnot Engine and Carnot Cycle
Steam Engine
Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot
(1796 – 1832)

21. Clausius Inequality

24. Generalizing