1. Conventional “Nonrenewable” Energy

2. Evaluating Energy Resources
U.S. uses 24% of the world’s energy;
84% from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal, & natural gas);
9% from nuclear power;
7% from renewable sources (hydropower, geothermal, solar, biomass).

3. Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium

4. Fossil Fuels
Originated from the decay of living organisms millions of years ago
Used in energy generation are:
Natural gas, which is % methane (CH4)
Petroleum
Coal

5. Problems with Fossil Fuels
Nonrenewable resources
Impurities = major source of pollution
Produce large amounts of CO2

6. COAL
Fossilized plant material preserved in sediments, compacted and condensed over time
Made up of:
Carbon
Water, sulfur, mercury and small amounts of radioactive materials
As coal ages, carbon ↑ while water ↓
Carboniferous period (286 million to 360 million years ago).

7. Types of Coal Peat Partially decayed organic matter in swamps and bogs
Lignite (4000 BTU/lb)
Soft, brownish-black coal
Low quality of coal
Subbituminous (8,300 BTU/lb.)
Black lignite
Bituminous (10,500 Btu / lb.)
Dense and black
Most common coal
“soft coal”
Anthracite (14,000 Btu/lb)
98% carbon (less common and more expensive)
“hard coal”
Graphite-too difficult to ignite
BTU-british thermal unit-amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 ºF.
cal (calorie

8. PEAT
LIGNITE
garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

9. BITUMINOUS
ANTHRACITE
garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

10. Main Coal Deposits

11. Pros and Cons of Coal Pros: Most abundant fossil fuel
Major U.S. reserves
Needs little refining
High net energy yield
Cons:
High environmental impact
Severe land disturbance in mining
High carbon dioxide (60-80% carbon)
Sulfur is released primarily as sulfur dioxide
Releases radioactive particles, mercury, lead, arsenic

12. Negative impact on miners Death
Cons of Coal Cont.
Negative impact on miners
Death
Between 1870 and 1950, more than 30,000 coal miners died of accidents and injuries in Pennsylvania alone.
Black Lung Disease - Inflammation and fibrosis caused by accumulation of coal dust in the lungs or airways.
Several thousands have died of respiratory diseases.

13. Strip-Mining or Open Pit Mining Topsoil and vegetation is removed
2 types of mining
Strip-Mining or Open Pit Mining
Topsoil and vegetation is removed
Negative impacts
Air quality issues regarding dust
Large amounts of waste material involved
Habitats destroyed/Soil is dumped back to where it was
Toxic runoff

15. Underground Mining-large shafts dug into the earth
Less surface destruction and waste rock produced
Extremely Dangerous
Gas
Inhaling Particulate Matter
Tunnel Collapse
Acid mine drainage

16. Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)
Water containing iron and sulfate that contaminates surface and or groundwater
May also contain manganese and aluminum
AMD comes from oxidation of pyrite, the crystalline form of iron sulfide
contaminated water is often reddish-brown in color, indicating high levels of oxidized iron
Water gets into the cracks of the rocks and runs out of the mine

18. Restoration
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977) requires better restoration of strip-mined lands, especially if land classed as prime farmland.
Difficult and expensive.
Minimum reclamation costs about $1,000 / acre while complete restoration may cost $5,000 / acre.
50% of U.S. coal is strip mined.

19. Petroleum Formed from the remains of ocean phytoplankton (50-150 mya)
Found in locations were porous sedimentary rock are capped by nonporous rocks
Fills the pores in the spaces
Extracted by drilling wells in the ground or beneath the ocean
Crude oil-liquid petroleum removed from ground
hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities

21. Sources of Oil
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) countries have 67% world reserves:
Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, & Venezuela
Other important producers: Alaska, Siberia, & Mexico.

22. Oil in North America 2.3% of world reserves
uses nearly 30% of world reserves;
65% for transportation;
increasing dependence on imports.

23. Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth, they have discouraged / prevented improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies favoring renewable resources.
.edu/beck/esc10 1/Chapter14&1 5.ppt

24. Causes only moderate damage to earth’s land
Oil Drilling
Causes only moderate damage to earth’s land
Leak from wellhead, or be spilled from a pipeline or tanker
Exxon Valdez
BP Deepwater Horizon
Transported to a refinery where it is heated and distilled to separate the components
How Oil Drilling Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D.
Exxon Valdez: 11 million gallons spilled 1989; burning, mechanical cleanup, chemical dispersants, boom, skimmers; oil pollution act of 199-
BP oil spill: estimated 205 million gallons spilled from April 20th-September 19th; burning, dispersants, plugging the leak; capped in mid-july then finally plugged in September; caused by explosion of offshore drilling rig

25. http://science. howstuffworks. com/environmental/energy/oil-refining2
Different hydrocarbon chain lengths all have different boiling points, so they can all be separated by distillation. This is what happens in an oil refinery - in one part of the process, crude oil is heated and the different chains are pulled out by their vaporization temperatures. Each different chain length has a different property that makes it useful in a different way.

26. the bitumen can be purified and refined into synthetic crude oil.
Oil Sands
Mixture of roughly 90% sand, clay and water and 10% bitumen, a thick hydrocarbon liquid
Extract oil from tar sands by injecting hot steam, which heats the sands and makes the tar less viscous so that it can be pumped out
the bitumen can be purified and refined into synthetic crude oil.
Where: Alberta, Canada, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela and the Middle East
Keystone Pipeline

27. BP oil spill from you tube
Oil only produces 85% as much carbon dioxide as coal

28. Natural Gas - Fossil Fuel
Formed from the remains of tiny sea animals and plants from mya
Trapped in porous sedimentary rock
Mixture
50–90% Methane (CH4)
Ethane (C2H6)
Propane (C3H8)
Butane (C4H10)
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Geologists look at surface rocks to find clues about underground
formations. They may set off small explosions or drop heavy weights on
the Earth’s surface and record the sound waves as they bounce back
from the sedimentary rock layers underground. They also may measure
the gravitational pull of rock masses deep within the Earth.

29. Sources of Natural Gas
Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply.
Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%);

30. billion cubic metres

31. Natural Gas
Experts predict increased use of natural gas during this century

33. Fluids are pumped at high pressure causing fissures in shale
Hydraulic Fracking
Wells drilled
Fluids are pumped at high pressure causing fissures in shale
made up of water, chemical, and sand additives
Sand keeps the fractures from closing
Gas flows up the well
When fracking is completed, injected fracturing fluids rise to the surface

34. Cool natural gas to condense it and liquefy it.
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships
Cool natural gas to condense it and liquefy it.

35. Nuclear Energy
Most commonly used fuel is U235
Formed in cylindrical pellets (1.5 cm long) and stacked in hollow metal rods (4 m long).
Mined through open pit or underground
Low uranium content in ore-large amounts have to be mined
Large amounts of waste rock

36. How Do Nuclear Reactors Work?
Nuclear Fission Chain Reactor-neutrons strike U-235 releasing energy and more neutrons.
Triggers nuclear chain reaction.
Heats water that produce high-pressure steam that turns turbines-generates electricity.

37. Nuclear Fission

38. Parts of a Nuclear Reactor
Core-contains 35-50,000 long thin fuel rods packed with U235
Each pellet contains the energy equivalent of 1 ton of coal)
Control rods-absorb neutrons and controls reaction rate
Raising and lowering the control rods into the reactor regulates the amount of heat produced
Moderator-reduces velocity of fast moving neutrons
Water, graphite
Coolant-(water) circulates through the reactor’s core to remove heat to keep fuel rods from melting

39. PWR

40. Radioactive Waste Disposal
High level wastes-used fuel rods, control rods, water used to cool and control chain reactions
Medium to low level wastes-mine wastes, contaminated protective clothes of a power plant worker

42. Three Mile Island
March 29, 1979, a reactor near Harrisburg, PA lost coolant water because of mechanical and human errors and suffered a partial meltdown
50,000 people evacuated & another 50,000 fled area
Unknown amounts of radioactive materials released
Partial cleanup & damages cost $1.2 billion
Released radiation increased cancer rates.

44. Chernobyl
April 26, 1986, reactor explosion (Ukraine) with a severe release of radioactivity
No containment vessels
Plume of radioactivity drifted over extensive parts of western Europe and 336,000 people were resettled
~160,000 sq km (62,000 sq mi) contaminated
> Half million people exposed to dangerous levels of radioactivity
Cost of incident > $358 billion

45. http://ngm. nationalgeographic

46. Japan: Tokyo Electric Power Company's (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi
3/11/11: 9.0 earthquake caused tsunami that went over seawalls and flooded generators
Generators died which stopped the coolant pumps
Temperature rose above 2200ºF caused several explosions
Pumped sea water mixed with boron into the containment vessels
Residents living within 20 kilometers of the plant are told to evacuate the area after first explosions.
Estimated cost of damage from the earthquake and tsunami to top $300 billion, making it the world's costliest natural disaster.
Boron-absorbs neutrons

47. Use of Nuclear Energy
Some countries (France, Japan) investing increasingly
France 58 reactors supply 75% energy
Japan 54 reactors supply 29% of energy
U.S. 104 reactors supply 20% energy
1996 last new reactor opened
Cost today: ~$10 billion
71,862 tons of the waste and no permanent place to store it all.
¾ of waste stored in water-filled cooling pools stored inside concrete containment barriers
¼ waste is encased in "dry casks" constructed of steel and thick concrete.
Yucca Mountain in Nevada

48. Nuclear Power Plants in U.S.
cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt

49. Energy Units and Use
BTU (British thermal unit) - amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 ºF.
cal (calorie) - amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 ºC. Commonly, kilocalorie (kcal) is used.
1 Btu = 252 cal = kcal
1 Btu = 1055 J (joule) = kJ
1 cal = J

50. Energy Units and Use Units of power: 1 watt (W) = 3.412 Btu / hour
1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W
Watt-hour - Another unit of energy used only to describe electrical energy. Usually we use kilowatt-hour (kW-h) since it is larger.