1. Reconstruction
The U.S. begins to rebuild the South, but former slaves face new challenges as support fades for the policies of Reconstruction.
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2. Reconstruction The Politics of Reconstruction LESSON 1
Did the government’s decisions during Reconstruction help or hinder the rebuilding of the South?
The Politics of Reconstruction
LESSON 1
Reconstructing the South
LESSON 2
Life After Slavery
LESSON 3
LESSON 3
LESSON 3
The Collapse of Reconstruction
LESSON 4
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3. The Politics of Reconstruction Lesson 1
Congress opposes Lincoln’s and Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction and instead implements its own plan to rebuild the South.
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4. The Politics of Reconstruction Lesson 1
Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction
Reconstruction: period of rebuilding after Civil War, 1865–1877
—process used by federal government to readmit Confederate states
The Need for Reconstruction
Post-Civil War, leaders need to create programs to:
—rebuild from devastation; reunite country
—address those who had taken up arms against government
—former slaves and their newly found freedom
Lincoln, Johnson have differing ideas on handling Reconstruction
Continued…
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5. Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction (continued)
Lesson 1
Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction (continued)
Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan
Lincoln favors a lenient Reconstruction policy, easy return to Union for Southern states
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction calls for 10% allegiance —all Confederates receive pardons, except high-ranking officials; those accused of POW crimes
Those exceptions swear allegiance to Union
After 10% on the 1860 voting lists take oath of allegiance, Confederate state readmitted
Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens lead Radical Republicans
—want to destroy power of former slaveholders
—give full citizenship, suffrage to African Americans
Radical Reaction
1864 Wade-Davis Bill makes Congress responsible for Reconstruction
Lincoln uses pocket veto to kill Wade-Davis; Radicals outraged
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6. Johnson’s Plan Johnson Continues Lincoln’s Policies Lesson 1
Lincoln’s assassination leaves Andrew Johnson with Reconstruction controversy
Johnson intends to deal harshly with Confederate leaders
White southerners consider Johnson a traitor; Radicals believe he is one of them
Johnson Continues Lincoln’s Policies
President Andrew Johnson proposes own Presidential Reconstruction:
—states must swear allegiance, annul war debts, ratify 13th Amendment
—does not address voting rights, land, laws for former slaves
States that had not applied under Lincoln agree to Johnson’s terms
—some states do not fully comply
Continued…
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7. Johnson’s Plan (continued)
Lesson 1
Johnson’s Plan (continued)
Presidential Reconstruction Comes to a Standstill
Radical Republicans in Congress refuse new Southern legislators
Congress enlarges Freedmen’s Bureau—helps former slaves, poor whites
—gives social services, medical care, education
• Congress passes Civil Rights Act of 1866:
—grants citizenship to African Americans
—forbids black codes or discriminatory laws
• Black codes restore many restrictions of slavery
• Whites use violence to prevent blacks from improving their lives
• Johnson vetoes Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil Rights Act
• Alienates moderate Republicans; angers Radicals
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8. Congressional Reconstruction
Lesson 1
Congressional Reconstruction
Angered by Johnson’s actions, Radical and moderate Republicans work together
Period of congressional Reconstruction begins
Moderates and Radicals Join Forces
In mid-1866, moderate Republicans join Radicals to override veto
Draft Fourteenth Amendment—makes African Americans full citizens
Most Southern states reject amendment; not ratified until 1868
1866 Congressional Elections
Johnson jeered on tour urging election of supporters of his plan
Moderates, Radicals win 2/3 majority in Congress, can override veto
Continued…
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9. Congressional Reconstruction (continued)
Lesson 1
Congressional Reconstruction (continued)
Reconstruction Act of 1867
1867 Reconstruction Act doesn’t recognize most new state governments
—divides South into military districts
—sets new conditions for reentry in Union
Johnson believes act unconstitutional, vetoes; Congress overrides
Johnson Impeached
Radicals seek to impeach—formally charge with misconduct in office
Johnson fires Stanton—test constitutionality of Tenure of Office Act
House Radicals impeach Johnson; Senate does not convict
Continued…
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10. Congressional Reconstruction (continued)
Lesson 1
Congressional Reconstruction (continued)
Ulysses S. Grant Elected
1868, Grant wins presidency with help of African-American vote
• Fifteenth Amendment— gives voting rights to all, regardless of color
South does not enforce 14th, 15th Amendments
White Southerners use violence to prevent blacks from voting
Enforcement Act of 1870—federal government can punish violators
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11. Reconstructing the South Lesson 2
Various groups contribute to the rebuilding of southern society after the war.
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12. Reconstructing the South Lesson 2
Conditions in the Postwar South
The war leaves much of the South in ruins; economy in shambles
Southerners endure interference by northerners who move in to help reconstruct region
Northerners Move South
Floods of Northerners with mixed motives migrate into war-torn South
—some feel moral duty to help slaves;
—some seek southern government positions;
—others want to invest, buy land, start new industries legitimately
—some dishonest, greedy businesspeople and politicians seek to profit on misfortunes in South
Most white southerners mistrust all new northern arrivals
Southern Democrats refer to new northerners as carpetbaggers
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13. Politics in the Postwar South
Lesson 2
Politics in the Postwar South
Democratic Party loses influence in southern politics with demise of Confederacy
Republican Party sweeps in to take control of the region
The Republicans in Charge
Southern Republican Party during Reconstruction consists of:
—carpetbaggers, newly freed African Americans, number of white
southerners Democrats call Southern white Republicans scalawags
Three groups disagree on issues; many return to Democratic Party
Continued…
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14. Politics in the Postwar South (continued)
Lesson 2
Politics in the Postwar South (continued)
New Republican Governments
Southern states need to create new government, constitution for readmission to Union
Southern voters elect new, Republican-dominated governments in the 1860s
New leaders abolish property requirements for voting, holding office
Repeal black codes throughout South
Transportation; homes for orphans, disabled; public schools built
Northern capitalists do not invest in South; states must raise taxes
By 1870, all Confederate states are back in the Union
Ongoing Conflicts
Republican governors appoint Democrats; do not win white support
Some whites support Republicans; think end of slavery good for South
Many whites refuse to accept new status or equal rights for blacks
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15. Changes in the Southern Economy
Lesson 2
Changes in the Southern Economy
Plantation system collapses after Civil War
Backbone of southern society, economy are gone
Restoration of Plantations
African Americans, poor whites want small farms
Planters, Northern merchants, mill owners want cotton plantations
Planters fear will be unable to make profit if must pay wages
Freedmen work in mills, railroad, farming
—planters prevent them getting land
Continued…
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16. Changes in the Southern Economy
Lesson 2
Changes in the Southern Economy
Industrial Growth
South’s railroad system improves; links to northern lines
Atlanta, other cities become important business centers
Southern business leaders join with northern investors in manufacturing ventures
By late 1880s, southern industry shows major growth
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17. Life After Slavery Lesson 3
During Reconstruction, African Americans gain new political and social rights but still face discrimination in many areas.
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18. Life After Slavery Lesson 3 Adjusting to Freedom Uncertain Status
African Americans look forward to a new life after Thirteenth Amendment abolishes slavery
Uncertain Status
At first, former slaves cautious about testing limits of freedom
Some travel to new places
Many leave plantations to find work in Southern towns or; many head north for new opportunities
Many choose to change their slaves names for new
Continued…
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19. Adjusting to Freedom (continued)
Lesson 3
Adjusting to Freedom (continued)
Reunification of Families
Many search for loved ones on different plantations
Couples can marry legally and be sure of keeping their children
Education
Freed people of all ages seek education
African Americans establish schools and universities
Initially, most teachers Northern whites; by 1869, most are black
Churches and Volunteer Groups
Many African Americans found churches; mostly Baptist, Methodist
Black ministers become influential community leaders
African Americans form thousands of volunteer organizations:
—foster independence
—give financial, emotional support
—offer leadership opportunities
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20. New Roles in Politics African Americans as Voters
Lesson 3
New Roles in Politics
Political opportunities for African Americans—greatest gain following the Civil War
Many hope to improve, protect newfound freedoms through political activity
African Americans as Voters
African Americans are largest group of southern Republicans
Eager to exercise voting rights; almost 90% voted
Politics and African Americans
1865–1877, African Americans hold local, state, federal office
At first, most officeholders freeborn; by 1867 some former slaves
Almost as many black as white citizens; black officeholders minority
—Hiram Revels is first black senator
—only 16 African Americans in Congress
Continued…
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21. New Roles in Politics (continued)
Lesson 3
New Roles in Politics (continued)
Laws Against Segregation
By 1866, Republican governments repeal most black codes
Anti-segregation laws created, but many not enforced
Blacks focus on building up their community, not total integration
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22. Economic Opportunities
Lesson 3
Economic Opportunities
End of slavery brings chances for new economic life, opportunities
Freed slaves seek new jobs, often away from plantations, some build new lives closer to home
In Search of New Jobs
Thousands of former slaves eager to leave plantations
Most move to southern towns and cities to find jobs
Smaller numbers move to the North
Often, all cities offer only segregation, poor housing, low pay
Majority remain in rural south; some work for former owners, receive wages
Others in south are determined to build farms for themselves
Continued…
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23. Economic Opportunities (continued)
Lesson 3
Economic Opportunities (continued)
40 Acres and a Mule
Sherman: slaves who follow him can have 40 acres, use of army mules
—freed slaves settle on abandoned land
—Johnson orders them evicted
Many Republicans reject seizing property; pass weak land-reform laws
1866 Homestead Act—set aside 44 million acres for freed blacks, loyal whites
—land is swampy, unsuitable for farming; few had resources to successfully farm
Many African Americans find landowners unwilling to sell to them
Some find ways to purchase; by 1870, 1 out of 12 African American families in MS own land
Continued…
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24. Economic Opportunities (continued)
Lesson 3
Economic Opportunities (continued)
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
Landless African Americans sign labor contracts with planters
—neither freedmen nor planters happy with system
Sharecropping—owner gives land, seed, tools for part of crops
Tenant farming—rent land from owner; buy own tools
Constant cycle of debt for all involved
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25. The Collapse of Reconstruction Lesson 4
Southern opposition to Radical Reconstruction, along with economic problems in the North, ended Reconstruction.
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26. The Collapse of Reconstruction Lesson 4
Opposition to Reconstruction
Most white southerners accept African Americans’ change in status
Small groups of individuals rely on violence to keep African Americans away from politics
Ku Klux Klan
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)—Confederate veterans group that turns terrorist
Grows rapidly; aims to restore white supremacy
1868–1871 Klan, others kill thousands, burn schools, churches, homes
Klan works to force Republican state governments out of power
Southern Democrats use violence to intimidate black voters
White Democratic candidates win state elections in 1875, 1876
Continued…
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27. Opposition to Reconstruction (continued)
Lesson 4
Opposition to Reconstruction (continued)
Economic Pressure
Black landowners, non-farmers attacked, have property destroyed
Need forces freedmen into wage labor, sharecropping for whites
Legislative Response
1870, 1871 Enforcement Acts passed to curtail Klan, Democrats
—Supreme Court rules 1871 act unconstitutional
Klan violence decreases because restore white supremacy in South
Shifts in Political Power
1872 Amnesty Act returns voting rights to many former Confederates
Congress allows Freedmen’s Bureau to expire
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28. Scandals Hurt Republicans
Lesson 4
Scandals Hurt Republicans
Highly publicized political corruption weakens Republican party
Scandals plague Grant administration; divert public attention away from South
Fraud and Bribery
Grant considered honest; appoints friends to political office
Beginning in 1872, series of Grant administration scandals exposed
Republican Unity Shattered
1872, Liberal Republican Party forms, nominates Horace Greeley
Democrats also nominate Greeley; Grant wins by wide margin
Liberal Republicans weaken Radicals, make Reconstruction difficult
Continued Scandal
Administration corruption continues; Grant does not seek reelection
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29. Economic Turmoil The Panic of 1873 Currency Dispute Lesson 4
Two economic crises further weaken the Republicans’ position
The Panic of 1873
Business opportunities in South lead investors to excessive debt
Largest government securities dealer bankrupts, starts panic of 1873
—banks, businesses close; stock market collapses
Panic triggers 5-year economic depression
Americans blame Republicans; Democrats win majority of Congressional seats in 1874
Currency Dispute
Panic of 1873 fuels dispute over currency
—financial experts want return to gold standard
—South, West want more greenbacks to pay debts
1875, Specie Resumption Act puts country back on gold standard
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30. Judicial and Popular Support Fades
Lesson 4
Judicial and Popular Support Fades
Supreme Court begins to undo Radicals’ social, political changes
Supreme Court Decisions
1870s Supreme Court decisions undermine 14th, 15th Amendments
Federal government loses power to protect African-American rights
Northern Support Fades
Northerners grow indifferent to events in South:
—shift attention to national problems
—want reconciliation between regions
—begin to dislike Reconstruction policies
Republicans give up from lack of judicial, public support, leaders
Republicans conclude government cannot impose moral, social changes
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31. Democrats “Redeem” the South
Lesson 4
Democrats “Redeem” the South
Redemption—return of Democrats to power in the South,
Election of 1876
Republicans nominate Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, not Grant
Democrats choose Governor Samuel J. Tilden
Tilden wins popular vote, 1 shy of electoral; 20 electoral disputed
Compromise of 1877—Hayes gets presidency, Democrats get:
—federal troops leave LA, SC
—funding for Southern railroad, waterways
—conservative Southerner in cabinet
Compromise means end of Reconstruction
Continued…
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32. Democrats “Redeem” the South
Lesson 4
Democrats “Redeem” the South
Home Rule in the South
After Hayes removes federal troops, Democrats take over states
Home rule—running state government without federal intervention
Legacy of Reconstruction
Republicans fail to protect rights they gave to former slaves
Unwillingness to distribute land blocks economic independence
Amendments abolish slavery, give basis for civil rights legislation
African-American schools, civic groups increase literacy, opportunity
Continued…
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