1. The Revolutions Continue

2. Latin America Creoles- Latin Americans descended from Europeans
Mestizos- Native American and European descent
Mulattoes- African and European descent
Latin Americans, espec. Creoles see other revolutions and want their own
Napoleon’s conquering of Spain inspires them
Latin America

4. Brazil-1822 Napoleon conquers Portugal- royal family flees to Brazil
King returns to Portugal, but leaves his son, Pedro, in charge in Brazil
Brazil wants independence- led by Pedro
Brazil becomes a constitutional monarchy
Last L.A. country to abolish slavery (1888)
Becomes a republic in 1889
Brazil-1822

5. Simon Bolivar From Venezuela
Wanted to create a union of S. American Spanish colonies
After several attempts, he frees Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador from Spanish rule-1824
Peru and Bolivia soon after
Not able to unite them
Simon Bolivar

7. Mexico- 1821 Led by Fathers Miguel Hidalgo, and Jose Morelos
Wanted to end unequal system of land ownership
Land redistribution is important concept in Mexican revolution
Fought against Spanish and Creole elite
Mexico- 1821

8. Latin American Revolutions: General concepts
Leaders were usually moderates (wanted to give people some rights but not too many)
Indian population was not usually involved with the movements
Women and Indians had access to education
Federalist outlook- wanted more power in local hands- not centralized
Independence ends legalized discrimination but…
Social structure remains basically unchanged
Latin American Revolutions: General concepts

9. Russian history till now
882 – Capital established at Kiev (Kievan Russia)
Historically very influenced by Byzantines
– Mongols (Tatars) control Russia

10. Russian history till now
1547- Ivan the Terrible becomes 1st Czar (Tsar) – Moscow is center of government
1613 – Michael Romanov founds Romanov dynasty
1682 – Peter the Great – 1st emperor
1762 – Catherine the Great
1801 – Alexander I (fights Napoleon)
Russia explores N. America, Hawaii, Alaska
1825 – Nicholas I – loses Crimean War (1854)- vs. Ottomans/ Britain and France. demonstrates Russia’s lack of industrialization
1855 – Alexander II – ends Serfdom in 1861
1894 – Nicholas II – Last Tsar

11. The Ottoman Empire Europeans gain influence- “Millet System”
Weakened Ottoman Empire begins to lose territories and is in debt
Fights off Russia in the Crimean War(1854-6) with help of British and French
Tanzimat reforms: try to westernize Ottoman empire (universities, newspapers)- too little, too late
Influx of people from rural to urban areas
Young Turks- intellectuals promoting modernization and some westernization; unsuccessful
Many elites oppose reforms

13. Ottomans cont. Ottomans do not industrialize
Dependent on Europeans for manufactured goods
Artisans lose business (open markets)
Give Europeans privileges in exchange for goods
One of those is Extraterritoriality
Ottoman Empire becomes known as the “Sick man of Europe”

14. China
Manchu invaders from the north conquer China and establish the Qing dynasty ( )
Continue Chinese social and political policies: Confucianism, civil service exams

15. In order to stop the flow of gold and silver to China, Britain exports opium from India
China becomes addicted; when they try to stop the importation of Opium, war begins
Opium War ( ) Britain wins, gets Hong Kong, access to trading ports, extraterritoriality

16. Taiping Rebellion more than 20 million killed, diseases, devastation, refugees, regional warlords maintain some power
Boxer Rebellion

19. Decline of the Qing Cheating on civil service exams
Public works allowed to fall into disrepair
Taxes diverted to benefit rich
Famine and disease
Banditry
Elites and empress Dowager do not sponsor reform or limit their power
The Qing have lost the…?

20. Empress Dowager Cixi