1. Aim: Biotechnology
Gel Electrophoresis
Warm-up:
HW:

2. Many uses of restriction enzymes…
Cut up DNA from different people… or different organisms… and compare it why?
forensics
medical diagnostics
paternity
evolutionary relationships
and more…

3. Comparing cut up DNA How do we compare DNA fragments?
separate fragments by size
How do we separate DNA fragments?
gel electrophoresis

4. Gel electrophoresis DNA is moved by size and charge
DNA is negatively charged
DNA is in an electrical field it moves toward the positive side

5. Gel electrophoresis – +
Size of DNA fragment affects how far it travels
small pieces travel farther
large pieces travel slower & lag behind
DNA → → → → → → → + –
“swimming through Jello”

6. Gel Electrophoresis - + DNA & restriction enzyme wells gel
longer fragments
power
source
gel
shorter fragments +
completed gel

7. DNA fingerprint Why is each person’s DNA pattern different?
sections of “junk” DNA
doesn’t code for proteins
made up of repeated patterns
each person may have different number of repeats
GCTTGTAACGGCCTCATCATCATTCGCCGGCCTACGCTT
CGAACATTGCCGGAGTAGTAGTAAGCGGCCGGATGCGAA
GCTTGTAACGGCATCATCATCATCATCATCCGGCCTACGCTT
CGAACATTGCCGTAGTAGTAGTAGTAGTAGGCCGGATGCGAA

8. DNA patterns for DNA fingerprints
Allele 1
GCTTGTAACGGCCTCATCATCATTCGCCGGCCTACGCTT
CGAACATTGCCGGAGTAGTAGTAAGCGGCCGGATGCGAA
repeats
cut sites
Cut the DNA
GCTTGTAACG GCCTCATCATCATCGCCG GCCTACGCTT
CGAACATTGCCG GAGTAGTAGTAGCGGCCG GATGCGAA 1 2 3 – +
DNA →
allele 1

9. Differences between people
Person 1
cut sites
cut sites
GCTTGTAACGGCCTCATCATCATTCGCCGGCCTACGCTT
CGAACATTGCCGGAGTAGTAGTAAGCGGCCGGATGCGAA
Person 2: more repeats
GCTTGTAACGGCCTCATCATCATCATCATCATCCGGCCTACGCTT
CGAACATTGCCGGAGTAGTAGTAGTAGTAGTAGGCCGGATGCGAA 1 2 3
DNA fingerprint – +
DNA →
person 1
person 2

10. Uses: Evolutionary relationships
Comparing DNA samples from different organisms to measure evolutionary relationships
turtle
snake
rat
squirrel
fruitfly – 1 3 2 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
DNA ↓ +

11. Uses: Medical diagnostic
Comparing normal allele to disease allele
chromosome with normal allele 1
chromosome with disease-causing allele 2
allele 1
allele 2 –
DNA ↓
Example: test for Huntington’s disease +

12. Uses: Forensics
Comparing DNA sample from crime scene with suspects & victim
suspects
crime scene sample S1 S2 S3 V –
DNA ↓ +

13. Electrophoresis use in forensics
Evidence from murder trial
Do you think suspect is guilty?
blood sample 1 from crime scene
blood sample 2 from crime scene
blood sample 3 from crime scene
“standard”
blood sample from suspect
OJ Simpson
blood sample from victim 1
N Brown
blood sample from victim 2
R Goldman
“standard”

14. Uses: Paternity
Who’s the father? –
Mom F1 F2
child
DNA ↓ +