1. Neuroscience Review

2. Outline Communication within a neuron Communication between neurons
Action potential, ion gradients
Communication between neurons
Neurotransmitters and receptors
Signal transduction pathways
Response to external stimuli
Sensory systems

6. Life cycle of neurotransmitters: chemical transmission

7. Classical Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Glutamate
GABA
Glycine
Synthesized by enzyme
Stored in vesicles
Regional specificity
Secreted factors
Bind receptor
Specific, saturable
Produce effect in target cells
Degradation/uptake

8. Novel Neurotransmitters
Endocannabinoid, lipids
Produced on demand
Act presynaptically
Peptides
Synthesized from genes, processed in vesicles by enzymes
NO, CO gasses
Short lived, diffusible across membranes
Adenosine, ATP nucleosides
Very short lived

10. Insulin Signaling Pathway
-Conserved
-Lifespan
-Survival
-Neural Plasticity
Components:
-ligand
-receptor
-kinases
-transcription factors

11. Response to Stimuli
Integration of internal and external states leads to behavior, which modifies state and feeds back to further refine decisions and actions

12. Levels of processing, behavior choices
Cortical—external
Sub-cortical—internal

13. Human Brain
~1 trillion cells—neurons and glia.

14. Most common laboratory models.
Rodent Brain

16. Mouse hippocampus—”brainbow”

17. Drosophila (fruit fly) brain
~100,000 neurons, most popular genetic model system, most advanced neuroscience circuit research.
Dr. Miesenbock, Here, they activated Kenyon cells, which produce DA and are necessary for avoidance of electric shock, with a light activated ion channel, at the same time exposed to a strong odor. Learned to avoid the odor.

18. Drosophila (fruit fly) brain
The “brainbow”, mixed fluorescent proteins combine to produce 100 unique hues enabling researchers to separate out and trace individual axons and dendrites.