1. 12.4 Mutations and Gene Regulation
Mutation - Change in DNA sequence
Cause of Mutation - A mutagen is a factor that results in a change in DNA

2. 12.4 Mutations and Gene Regulation
What can happen as a result of a mutation?
Bad mutation = disease/death
Good mutation = beneficial adaptation (opposable thumbs, X-MEN)
Neutral = no visible change

3. 12.4 Mutations and Gene Regulation
WE ALL UNDERGO MUTATIONS!

4. 12.4 Mutations and Gene Regulation
Types of mutations – Point Mutations
Deletion – ATGCAT (delete G) ATCAT
Insertion – ATGCAT (add A to the middle) ATGCAAT
With Deletions and Insertions, the reading frame shifts. In some cases, the old amino acid no longer exists and a new amino acid is made.
Substitution – ATGCAT (substitute A for G) ATACAT
In some cases with a Substitution, a new amino acid is made and the old amino acid no longer exists.

5. 12.4 Mutations and Gene Regulation

6. 12.4 Mutations and Gene Regulation

7. 12.4 Mutations and Gene Regulation

8. 12.4 Mutations and Gene Regulation
Sex cell mutations -
Occurs in the sperm/egg
Effects the offspring
Down Syndrome can be acquired this way in addition to nondisjunction. (Ch. 11)
Body cell mutations -
Occurs in body cells
Effects the organism
Cancer is an example.

9. 12.4 Mutations and Gene Regulation