1. European Nationalism Mid to 19th Century NOTE:
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Mid to 19th Century

3. What is Nationalism?
the belief that a person’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history.
When a nation has its own independent government it becomes a nation-state.

6. Nationalism Pros: Cons:
People within a nation come together for the common good
Overthrow colonial rulers
Leads to democratic nations
Competition amongst nations spurs advancements
Forced assimilation of minority groups
Ethnic cleaning ex:
Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s
The rise of extreme nationalism: Nazism
Competition between nations leads to war

7. Italian
Unification

8. Italian Unification: 19th Century
Independent City – States subjected to foreign domination.
Congress of Vienna
Metternich
Prevent Nationalism
Risorgimento

9. Italian Nationalist Leaders
Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”]
Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”]
King Victor Emmanuel II
Count Cavour [The “Head”]

10. Challenges of Unification
Social and Economic Problems
Regional differences
Poverty and Emigration
Serious problem
Reforms
Took too long

11. Garibaldi and His Red Shirts Unite with Cavour
Followers known as Red Shirts because of colorful uniforms
By July 1860, using guerilla warfare, Garibaldi, Red Shirts gained control of island of Sicily
September, Garibaldi, Sardinian troops conquered Naples
Red Shirts now controlled southern part Italian peninsula
Garibaldi offered Kingdom of Two Sicilies to Sardinian king Victor Emmanuel

12. A Unified Peninsula!
A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

13. The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

14. German
Unification

15. German Nationalism:
German nationalism slowly began to show in the early 1800’s.
Germany was divided into a number of small states and desired a unification within them.
Their goal was to become completely independent out of the control of all other nations as they had been in the past.

16. German Unification: 19th Century
Congress of Vienna
Factors of Unification
Nationalism In Prussia
Political
Economic

17. Prussia/Austria Rivalry
Prussia had a mainly German population with a strong sense of nationalism to unite Germany.
Plus it had a great army.
Austria had many ethnic groups which kept it from being unified.

18. Prussia: William I: (Wilhelm) Took the Prussian throne in 1861
Did not work well with Parliament
He selected Junker (strong conservative member in Prussia) Otto von Bismarck to be his prime minister.

19. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
The “Iron Chancellor”
Realpolitik- meaning the politics of reality
“Blood & Iron”

20. Prussian Expansion: Step 1 – The Danish War 1864
Schleswig and Holstein
Austria and Prussia
Prussia allied with Austria to take on the Danes to win 2 border provinces.
Prussia
Austria

21. Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
Bismarck stirred up trouble with Austria over the two areas they had just won. This provoked Austria to declare war on Prussia.
Prussia’s superior army quickly defeated the Austrians.
The Austrians were forced to give up their land to both Prussia and Italy.
Prussia was now able to unite both E and W Prussia with the northern German states.

22. Prussian Expansion: Step #3:Franco-Prussian War Southern German States
Catholic
Bismarck decided that he would “rally” a war with France so the southern states would feel threatened and would unite with Prussia.
He created the impression that King Wilhelm insulted the French ambassador causing the French to declare war.
The Prussians quickly defeated the French allowing Germany to be united.

23. A United Germany The German Empire January 18, 1871 Kaiser Wilhem I
Imperial Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck

24. A Growing Economy

25. Dreyfus Affair and Zionism
Captain Alfred Dreyfus
Anti – Semitism
Pogroms, organized massacre of helpless people
Zionism
Homeland in Palestine

26. Eastern
Europe
in the Last Half
of the 19c

27. Austria-Hungary: Austro – Prussian war Dual – Monarchy
Ethnic Group differences
Compromise of 1867
The Dual Monarchy  Austria- Hungary

28. Ottoman Empire:
“sick man of Europe”
Africa
Internal Problems

29. Shift in Power: