1. The Unifications of Italy and Germany

2. Why Did Italy Unite The Spread of Nationalism
Revolutions of 1848: Liberalism and Nationalism Split
Defeat of Russia in Crimean War
Isolation of Austria
Re-emergence of France under Napoleon III

3. Italy Becomes a Nation-State
Giuseppe Mazzini ( )
Revolutionary democrat
Republican

4. Maps

5. Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)
Republican
Revolutionary
Military leader
guerilla fighter

6. Count Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810-1861)
Sardinian nobleman
Prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont
King Victor Emmanuel II ( )
Conservative
Ambitious
Pragmatic

7. Before and After

8. Napoleon III, Emperor of France (1808-1873; r. 1848-1870)
Nephew of Napoleon
Re-emerging French Empire
Sounded democratic
Believed in personal rule and a centralized state
Made a deal with Cavour:
France promised Nice and Savoy (from Piedmont)
Sardinia promised Lombardy and Venetia (from Austria)

9. Unification Of Italy Timeline
1859
Austria goes to war against Sardinia-Piedmont (and France)
1860
Napoleon bails, but Austria cedes Lombardy
Plebescites in Tuscany, Parma, and Modena
May 1860
Garibaldi and thousand Red Shirts go to Sicily
1861
Kingdom of Italy declared (King Victor Emmanuel)

10. Massimo d'Azeglio
First speaker of the new Italian Parliament: “We have made Italy, now we must make Italians!”

11. Unification of Germany, 1864-1871
Otto von Bismarck ( )
Junker
Brilliant diplomat
“Blood and iron”
Not revolution
1862 became Minister-President

13. The German Confederation 1815

14. Unification of Germany (cont.)
William I, King of Prussia (r )
Schleswig-Holstein (1864)
Austro-Prussian war of 1866
The Seven Weeks’ War

15. Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71
Leopold von Hohenzollern
Paris Commune
January 18, 1871: Second German Empire (Reich) declared in the Palace of Versailles, Hall of Mirrors

16. Unification of Germany