1. G. J. Mathews - University of Notre Dame
Big Bang Cosmology
G. J. Mathews - University of Notre Dame
OMEG07 The 10th Int. Symp. on 
Origin of Matter and Evolution of Galaxies
Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
December 4, 2007

2. Epochs of the Big Bang Planck Epoch Cosmic Phase Transitions
Birth of Space-time
Inflation/Reheating
Cosmic Phase Transitions
Supersymmetry breaking
Baryogenesis
EW transition
QCD transition
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
Cosmic Microwave Background

3.  Cosmological probes Inflation/Fluctuations Cosmic Microwave
Background
BBN
Log  
Ly-
Supernovae
Big Bang
LSS/Clusters
10-30 sec
1-200 sec
105 y
1010 y
Log (time)

4. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

5. Comparison with Observed Abundances
Yp - Extragalactic HII Regions
0.240 ≤Yp ≤ 0.244
Izotov & Thuan (2003,2004) )
Steigman (2006)
≤Yp ≤ 0.258
Olive & Skillman (2004)
Coc, et al. 2004
OS04
D - QSO absorption systems
2.4x10-5≤D/H≤ 3.2x10-5
Kirkman et al. (2003) / WMAP
7Li - Halo Stars
0.91x-10≤7Li/H≤ 1.91 x10-10
Ryan et al. (2000)

6. Is This Evidence of New Cosmology?
Problems
There is tension between D/H+CMB and 7Li (+YP?)
Overabundance of 6Li
Is This Evidence of New Cosmology?
Extra Dimensions/Dark Radiation?
Cosmic Quintessence?
Time Varying Constants?
Decaying Planck-Mass and/or SUSY Particles?
Early Galactic Evolution effects?

7. Cosmic Microwave Background
WMAP
Cosmic Microwave Background

8. We are in the Age of Precision Cosmology
Baryons Ωb = 0.045±0.002
Dark Matter - ΩCDM = 0.22±0.01
Dark Energy - Ω = 0.73±0.04
Now is the time to look to for a deeper understanding

9. Some Unsolved Questions Surrounding the Big Bang
How did the universe begin?
Why are there 3 large dimensions?
What drives inflation?
Are there observable effects from:
supersymmetric particles, string excitations, etc.
Existence of extra dimensions?
How does the universe reheat?
How and when was the net baryon number generated?

10. Some Unsolved Questions Surrounding the Big Bang
When and how was the dark matter generated?
When and how was the dark energy created?
Are there observable effects from cosmic phase transitions?
Supersymmetry breaking
Electoweak transition
QCD transition?
Is there a primordial magnetic field?

11. How did the Universe Begin?
String theory? Extra dimensions?

12. Supergravity Metric Dimensions  
Gravity
Maxwell
Yang Mills
Quarks-Leptons   
Maxwell
Yang
Mills
Quarks
Leptons
g=
Sum Dimensions

13.   10  String Dimensions Time Height Gravity + 4 Width Depth
SU(2)xU(1)
SU(3)
Bulk Dimension 
 10 
Gravity
Electroweak
&
Strong
Bulk
Sum Dimensions

14. Brane World Cosmology: M-Theory/IIB String theory
In the low-energy limit, the heterotic M-theory is 11-dimensional supergravity coupled to two 10-dimensional E8E8 gauge theories.
There are two smooth 10-dimensional manifolds plus a bulk dimension between them
Physical particles are tiny strings trapped on each universe m0
Bulk Dimension

15. Why are there only 3 large dimensions?
3-branes best survive brane annihilation
Karch & Randall, Phys.Rev.Lett. 95 (2005) ,
hep-ph/505053
If the 2 universes collide they can
annihilate
Largest branes annihilate fastest so
3-branes DOMINATE
Bulk Dimension

16. Why are there only 3 large dimensions?
String Gas Cosmology: Brendenberger & Vafa
Strings wind around branes and resist expansion.
Winding and antiwinding modes annihilate allowing expansion
2p + 1 dimensions become large.
String Interactions

17. Why are there only 3 large dimensions?
Higher Dimensionsal Gravity:
Ferrer & Rasanen (2007) hep-th/
Higher Dimensional Einstein equation
Can only exit inflation if ≤ 3 dimensions
Normal FRW
Inflation
density H2

18. How did the Universe Begin?
Birth of the Multiverse A. Linde (2002)

19. What Drives Inflation? Invented to solve: Flatness problem:
Why   1,
k  0
Horizon problem
T1  T2 T1 T2

20. Inflaton Effective Potential?
Chaotic / Stochastic: V() = m22/2 or 4/4
Classical Inflation: V() = 4/4 - 3/3 + m22/2
New Inflation: = 4[ln(2/v2) -(1/2) - m2/4v2] +V0
Kaluza-Klein/R2: = (3/4) m2(1-exp[√(2/3) 2])
Natural Inflation: = 4/[1±cos(/f)]
Multiple Inflation: = /4[2 - M2] +m22/2+  22/2
Power-law: =  exp{b }
No-scale supergravity/superstrings: = m4/[1 - 3] 2 + m22/2
Supersymmetry, Supergravity, Superstrings, …, …
Extended, Hyperextended, Overextended, ..., ….
Hybrid, thermal, cyclic, …..
…..

21. Inflation potentials consistent with observational constraints
Kinney et al., PRD,
69, (2004)
Almost anything
Works except
V(4

22. Is there Evidence for String Excitations/ Massive particles from KK excitations?

23. Resonant Massive Particle Creation
Mathews, Chung, Ichiki, Kajino, Orito PRD, 70, (2004).
M  1.6 Mpl
 0.5

24. How does the universe reheat
How does the universe reheat? How and when was the net baryon number generated?
Baryon number violation
C and CP violation
Deviation from Thermal Equilibrium
Electroweak Baryogenesis?
Affleck-Dine mechanism?
Leptogenesis?

25. Is there Evidence for Large Extra Dimensions?

26. How does a higher dimensional world appear to our lower dimensional world?
Can look for effects on cosmic expansion history

27. Higher Dimensional Gravity
GAB = 52 TAB , 52 = 1/2M53 , A,B = (0,1,2,3,5)
ds2 = e {-2k|z|}  dxdx - dz2
TAB (brane)=((z)/b)diag(--, -+p, -+p, -+p,0)
TAB (vacuum)= diag( -5, -5, -5, -5, -5 )
Leads to a new Friedmann equation for cosmic expansion
GN= 52 2/48π , 4 = 54 2/12 +3 5 /4
Dark Radiation

28. K. Ichiki, M. Yahiro, T. Kajino, M. Orito, G. J
K. Ichiki, M. Yahiro, T. Kajino, M. Orito, G. J. Mathews PRD 66, (2002)
WMAP
Standard BBN
Dark Radiation relaxes the tension between the CMB and 4He limits on the baryon/photon ratio

29. When and how was the dark energy created?

30. Dark Energy may be evidence of higher dimensions,
e.g. caused by an interaction between the two parallel universes:
Ekpyrotic Universe Many fires: multiple big bangs.
If the 2 universes attract it causes acceleration of each universe
If the 2 universes collide it causes a big bang m0
Bulk Dimension

31. Dark energy caused by inflow from a higher dimension
Inflowing Dark Matter
Dark energy caused by inflow from a higher dimension
Umezu, Ichiki, Kajino, Mathews, Yahiro (2006) Phys.Rev. D73, (2006)
Kiritsis et al., JHEP (2002), Tetradis,et al. JHEP (2003)
The flow of matter into the 3-brane will appear as spontaneous matter creation
Solution fixed point provides a constant energy density
=> Accelerated expansion m0 m0 m0
Bulk Dimension Z

32. Transfer from/to the Bulk leads to Modified Cosmic Expansion
E = “Dark Radiation” or Electric part of the bulk Weyl tensor

33. Accelerating Cosmology

34. Fit to SNIa Data Equivalently fit with =0 or CDM
Umezu, et al. PRD (2006)

35. CMB Power Spectrum Diminished power for the lowest multipoles
Umezu, et al. (2006)

36. Matter Power Spectrum Less power on the scales near the horizon
Umezu, et al. PRD (2006)

37. Is the Dark Energy Quintessence?
Yahiro , Mathews, Ichiki, Kajino, Orito, PRD, 65, (2002)
Attractor Solution: ~ independent of initial conditions
Explains why rL ~rM
Avoids Fine Tuning/ Smallness?
Matter Creation/ Quintessential Inflation

38. Many Quintessence Models are ruled out by requirement that w < -0.7
Barger, Guarnaccia, Marfatia 2006
dw/dz
WMAP
SNIa
SDSS
Ly w

39. In models with extra dimensions: Values of fundamental constants depend on the size of the extra dimensions and can vary with time

40. Time Varying electromagnetism?
Webb et al, 1999, Murphy et al. 2001,2003
Time Varying electromagnetism?
=e2/(2ohc)

41. BBN Limit on Time varying 
Ichikawa & Kawasaki PRD 2004
Yp = 2nn/(nn+np) = 2/(1+exp{∆m/Tf)
∆mMeV= (/0)
(E) = (S(E)/E)  exp{-2ZiZj(/2E)1/2}

42. Is there evidence of supersymmetric matter in the early universe?
How did the dark matter form?

43. Puzzle of 6Li Asplund, et al. ApJ, 644, 229 (2006)
Observed 6Li
Expected 6Li
Cosmic-ray
Nucleosynthesis

44. 6Li can not be made in the standard Big Bang?
+ d  6Li +  (E2) Suppressed

45. Possible means to produce 6Li
Enhanced cosmic ray +6Li,7Li
Nonthermal Production from decaying heavy SUSY particles
Catalyzed by negatively-charged SUSY particles
Modifies other CR abundances
Difficult to satisfy other light element constraints
Possible?
See next talks: Kusakabe
Kawanomoto

46. Is there Evidence of Cosmic Phase Transitions?

47. Evidence of the cosmic QCD transition?
Primordial nucleosynthesis?
Primordial black holes?
Lara, Kajino, Mathews, PRD (2006)

48. Is there a primordial magnetic field?
Yamazaki, Ichiki, Kajino, Mathews, ApJ (2007)

49. Conclusions We have entered the age of “precision cosmology”
There are still many issues to be solved in big bang cosmology
The big bang is sometimes the only environment in which new physics can be testedat the highest energies
New physics breakthroughs are likely to come as we better understand the origin of matter in the big bang.

51. How did the dark energy form
Quintessence?

52. What is this Quintessence?.
QG  QQ2⁄2+V(Q)
4 (eQ + eQ )
4 e-Q [1 + A sin(Q)]
4 e-Q [(Q-B) +A]
4 1 + cos(Q/f)]]
4+ Q
[4+ Q]eQ2/2
4 e-Q
4 [cosh(Q) - 1] p