1. 1 1 -4 The Passive Form of Modals and Phrasal Modals
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2. Modals
can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must, had better, ought to, has to

3. Simple passive with modal
modal + be + past participle
Active Verb
Passive Verb
Example
can see
can be seen
That painting can be seen in the Louvre.
should do
should be done
The work should be done on time.
would sell
would be sold
The tickets would be sold there if possible.
might finish
might be finished
It might be finished by next week.
must pay
must be paid
Employees must be paid on the last day of the month.

4. modal + have been + past participle
Active Modal
Passive Modal
Example
could have done
could have been done
It could have been done by John.
should have finished
should have been finished
It should have been finished yesterday.
might have lost
might have been lost
It might have been lost when we were travelling.

5. 1. He must have written it a long time ago. 2
1. He must have written it a long time ago. 2. They should have replaced the broken window immediately. 3. Someone must have stolen it last night. 4. They might have painted this house last year. 5. They should have explained it better. 6. They should have arrested the driver. 7. They should have fed the dog this morning. 8. They may have offered him a better job. 9. They could have sold those tickets easily. 10. They should have answered my call right away.

7. When is had better used? Had better: form and meaning.
We use had better to refer to the present or the future, to talk about actions we think people should do or which are desirable in a specific situation. The verb form is always had, not have. We normally shorten it to 'd better in informal situations.

8. should/ought to/had better
What is the difference?

9. There are three auxiliary verbs that you can use to give advice
There are three auxiliary verbs that you can use to give advice. They are should, ought to, and had better.
You should put cool water on a burn. You ought to put cool water on a burn. You had better put cool water on a burn.
Although all three have the meaning of should, "had better" is stronger because it implies a negative consequence if you don't follow the advice. Another difference is that usually ought to and had better are not used with questions.
Should I put cool water on a burn? Ought I to put cool water on a burn? Had better I put cool water on a burn?

11. Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses
Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use the appropriate form, active or passive.
1. James (should + tell) _____should be told______ the news as soon as possible.
2. Someone (should + tell) should tell__________James the news immediately.
3. James (should + tell) should have been told the news a long time ago.

12. 4. Meat (must + keep) __________ in a refrigerator or it will spoil.
5. You (must + keep) __________ meat in a refrigerator or it will spoil.
6. We tried, but the window (couldn’t + open) __________ It was painted shut.
7. I tried, but I (couldn’t + open) ______________ the window.
8. Good news! I (may + offer) ___________ a job soon. I had an interview at an engineering firm yesterday.
9. Chris has good news. The engineering firm where she had an interview yesterday (may + offer) ________________________ her a job soon.

13. 10. I hope Chris accepts our job offer, but I know she’s been interviewing with several companies. She (may + already + offer)* _______________________ a job by a competing firm before we made our offer.

14. Make complete sentences with the given words.