1. The Three Questions of Instructional Design—and How to Use Them
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The Three Questions of Instructional Design—and How to Use Them
Allegra Coe
Instructional Designer
© 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.
The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

2. The Three Main ID Questions
4/4/2019 4:44 PM
In this presentation…..
The Three Main ID Questions
ID Theories and Models
Instructional Design
© 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.
The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

3. Three Questions of Instructional Design
Who are your learners?
What should the learners be able to DO as a result of instruction?
How will you know they have learned it?

4. A. The Learners So much is about them……
4/4/2019 4:44 PM
A. The Learners So much is about them……
Who they are
What they know
What they don’t—where are the gaps?
What they know – what they need to know = Instruction
Remember: Training may NOT be the answer to the problem!!
© 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.
The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

5. What Should They DO? What do you want your learners to be able to DO?
Tasks vs. goals
Knowledge based learning ??
Measurable learning outcomes--objectives

6. How will you know they can do it?
How are you going to assess learning?
Construct learning with assessment in mind from beginning
Objectives  Assessments Instructional Strategies

7. B. ID Models and Theories
Key: Use appropriate learning theory for learners, objectives and focus
For example,
Behaviorism—used to modify behavior, best with facts, concepts and procedures
Constructivism—used for learners to create own learning, best with principles and decision making scenarios

8. Some Learning Theories
Cognitivism
How does the brain work/process information
Behaviorism
How do we want behavior to change as a result from learning?
Constructivism
Learners creating own learning
Discovery Learning
Inquiry Based Learning
Problem Based Learning (McMasters University)

9. Some Learning Models ADDIE Dick and Carey Kemp
Merrill Component Display Theory
Gange’s 9 Events of Instruction
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Kirkpatrick ROI

10. ADDIE Analyze Design Development Implement Evaluate Kirkpatrick ROI
Did the learners enjoy the learning?
Did they learn from it? Did it change behavior?
Can they apply the learning in the real world?
ROI—was it cost effective?

11. Kemp Model of Instructional Design

12. C. How does this all work together?
Objective: Given a job aid, student nurses will be able to perform introductory procedures on patients with no errors
Theory: Behaviorism
Focus (DO): steps to be remembered, facts and procedures
Instructional Strategy: repetition and practice, drag and drop assessment, roleplay

13. Objective: Given a emergency scenario, ER interns will perform necessary steps to stabilize patient with no errors
Theory: Constructivism
Focus (DO): assessing situation, using judgement, making critical decisions
Instructional Strategy: scenario, roleplay, game based learning assessment

14. In Conclusion……
Effective Instructional Design comes from using the available tools and materials effectively to achieve desired learning outcomes
Three ID Questions
Learning Theories and Models
Focus on Learning Outcomes
Thank you!!

15. Resources
203, F. (2012, April 18). ADDIE Model of Design JPG. Retrieved March 10, 2016, from By Fav203 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,
Coffey, H. (n.d.). Bloom's Taxonomy. Retrieved March 9, 2016, from
Keramida, M. (2015, May 28). Behaviorism in Instructional Design for Elearning: How and When to Use. Retrieved March 9, 2016, from

16. Resources
Pappas, C. (2015, May 16). Instructional Design Models and Theories: The Component Display Theory - eLearning Industry. Retrieved March 10, 2016, from
Pappas, C. (2014, January 30). Instructional Design Models and Theory: Schema Theory. Retrieved March 10, 2016, from
Problem-Based Learning (PBL) - Learning Theories. (2014). Retrieved March 9, 2016, from
Strauss, K. (2016). Ross and Kemp Model. Retrieved March 10, 2016, from & Kemp Mode