1. Warm-up
Write down 3 questions that you have from this unit (3 things that you are still confused about).

2. Unit 2 Test Review

3. Layers of the Earth
Lithosphere- the outermost, rigid layer that is divided into pieces called tectonic plates
Asthenosphere- the plastic (liquid) layer of the mantle on which the tectonic plates move
Mesosphere- solid, lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core.
Outer Core- the liquid layer of the Earth’s Core
Inner Core- a solid, dense center of our planet.

4. Continental Drift Africa & South America look like they fit together
similar fossils, rocks, and glacial striations
Coal in Antarctica
Alfred Wegner, 1915
The continents were once a super-continent called Pangea

5. Plate Tectonics Oceanic plate- thin plate with high density
Earth's crust is made up of plates that ride on top of the asthenosphere
The plates move due to convection currents in the mantle
Oceanic plate- thin plate with high density
Continental plate- thick plate with low density

7. Plate Boundaries
Divergent plate boundary- the boundary formed from the separation of two lithospheric plates
Oceanic-Oceanic forms a mid-ocean ridge
Continental-Continental forms a Rift Valley

8. Convergent plate boundary- the boundary formed from the collision of two lithospheric plates
Oceanic-Oceanic forms a volcanic island arc
Oceanic-Continental forms a volcanic arc
Continental-Continental forms mountains

9. Transform plate boundary- the boundary formed from the sliding of two lithospheric plates past each other in opposite directions

10. Fault - the surface along which rocks break and slide past one another
Main types of faults:
Normal faults- occur at divergent boundaries
(tension type stress)
Reverse faults- occur at convergent boundaries
(compression stress)
Strike-slip faults – occur at transverse boundaries
(shearing stress)

11. Compression – the type of stress that occurs when an object is squeezed, such as when 2 tectonic plates collide.
Faults
Tension- the force (stress) that occurs when forces act to stretch an object.
Shear- the force (stress) that occurs when two tectonic plates slide past each other

12. Volcanoes and Earthquakes

13. Volcanoes
Volcano-a vent or fissure in the Earth’s surface through which magma and gases are expelled
Magma chamber-the body of molten rock that feeds a volcano
Volcanic Bomb-Magma that hardens in midair
Pyroclastic flow-glowing cloud of volcanic material
Most volcanoes occur at convergent plate boundaries.

14. Crater- a funnel- shaped pit near the top of the central vent of a volcano
Caldera- a large, semi circular depression that forms when the magma chamber below a volcano partially empties and causes the ground above to sink

15. Shield volcano- a volcano built from layers of released lava from repeated nonexplosive eruptions

16. Composite volcano- form from alternating explosive and nonexplosive eruptions

17. Cinder cone- volcanoes made of layers of pyroclastic materials from moderately explosive materials

18. Volcanic Landforms
Hotspot- a volcanically active area of Earth’s surface far from a tectonic plate boundary

19. Earthquakes
Earthquake- The shaking of the Earth’s crust cause by rapid displacement of rocks, usually along a fault.

20. Epicenter- the point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
Focus- the point within the crust where an earthquake originates

21. Body Waves
P-waves (primary or push-pull waves)- back-and-forth motion in the same direction as the wave is traveling
Fastest type of wave
S-Waves
P-Waves
S-waves (secondary or shear waves)- motion at right angles to the direction in which the wave is traveling
Second fastest type of wave

22. Surface Waves Surface waves are the most destructive type of waves.
L-Waves (love or long waves)- travel along the Earth’s surface at slow speeds back and forth
R-Waves (Rayleigh waves)- travel along the Earth’s surface similar to an ocean wave

23. Measuring Earthquakes23

24. Seismic Waves- energy waves set in motion by an earthquake
Seismograph- an instrument used to record seismic waves

25. Locating Epicenters
Find difference in travel time between P and S Waves
Use table to determine “distance from epicenter” for 3 seismograph stations
Epicenter is located where 3 circles intersect

26. Know this graph and how to use it!

27. Review previous unit material.
You are responsible for all information that we have covered this year.
Scientific Method/Nature of Science
Branches of Earth Science
Units and Measurement
Latitude and Longitude
Time Zones
Maps and Topographic Maps
Rock types and the Rock Cycle

28. Units and Measurement
Understand length, area, volume, mass, density, temperature
Know the SI units for each
Unit conversions (1kg = ?mg)
Know the ladder!!!!! (and how to use the ladder method)

29. Units and Measurement
Know the ladder and how to use it!

30. Latitude and Longitude
What are they? What are the reference points for each?
Prime Meridian and equator
Be able to plot points on a map given latitude and longitude
Cardinal directions (N, S, E, W)

31. Latitude The North Pole is at 90° N The South Pole is at 90° S
40° N is the 40° line of latitude north of the equator.
40° S is the 40° line of latitude south of the equator.
The equator is at 0° latitude. It is neither north nor south. It is at the center between north and south.
TEKS: Social Studies –
6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly
7.22 (A), 8.31 (A)

32. Longitude Lines of longitude begin at the Prime Meridian.
60° E is the 60° line of longitude east of the Prime Meridian.
60° W is the
60° line of
longitude west
of the Prime
Meridian.
The Prime Meridian is located at 0°. It is neither east or west W E
TEKS: Social Studies –
6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly
7.22 (A), 8.31 (A)

33. Maps/Topographic Maps
Interpret a legend
Interpret a topographic map
How do you make a profile using the map?
Contour lines, contour intervals, index contours, hachures

34. Types of Rocks
Igneous– form from solidification of molten (liquid) rock material.
Sedimentary– form from compaction and cementation of sediments
Metamorphic– form from recrystallization of existing rock material. 34

36. Dating of Rocks
Relative age: establishes order from youngest to oldest, but does not give exact time frames
Absolute age: establishes the date of an event