1. The Pigeon hole problem

2. If k+1 objects are placed in k containers then one
container must contain at least 2 objects
Obviously!

3. The generalised pigeon hole principle
If n objects are placed in k containers, then at least one container
has n/k objects
Note: x is the smallest integer greater than or equal to x
i.e. round up (example: becomes 4 )

4. example
Given 100 people in a room, what is the minimum number of
people that are born on the same month?
What are the pigeonholes?
What are the pigeons?
What do we know?
What can we think of?
100/12 = 8.333 = 9
If n objects placed in k containers, then at least one container has n/k objects

5. example
What is the minimum number of students required to be sure that
at least 6 will receive the same grades, of A, B, C, D, and F (fail!)
5 containers: the marks A, B, C, D, F
At least 1 container has to have at least 6 students
students/5 = 6
 students = 26
Did you think the answer should have been 30?
If n objects placed in k containers, then at least one container has n/k objects

6. More pigeon hole examples!

7. who know (are friendly with) the same number of people in the room.
example
You are in a room with 10 other people. There at least two people in the room
who know (are friendly with) the same number of people in the room.
Is this true?
What do we know … about knowing people?
It’s a pigeonhole problem …
So what are the pigeonholes?
What are the pigeons?

8. If A knows (is friendly with) B then B knows (is friendly with) A
example
You are in a room with 10 other people. There at least two people in the room who know the same number of people in the room
If A knows (is friendly with) B then B knows (is friendly with) A
The pigeonholes are the number of people a person knows
The pigeonholes are then as follows
0 people who know nobody
1 people who know only 1 person
2 people who know 2 people …
10 people who know 10 people
But wait! It aint possible to have someone who knows ten people
at the same time as there is someone in the room that knows nobody!
So, there can only be 10 pigeonholes!
There are 11 people
What do we know … about knowing people?
It’s a pigeonhole problem …
So what are the pigeonholes?
What are the pigeons?
So, it’s true!

9. exercise
Let d be a positive integer greater than zero. Show that amongst d+1
(not necessarily consecutive) integers there are at least two with the same
remainder when divided by d.
Note: do not assume these integers are all different

10. exercise
Let d be a positive integer greater than zero. Show that amongst d+1
(not necessarily consecutive) integers there are at least two with the same
remainder when divided by d.
the pigeon holes are the remainders
there are at most d remainders
0,1,2,…,d-1
there are d+1 numbers
these are our pigeons
since we have d+1 numbers and d remainders at least 2 have the same remainder

11. example
A bowl contains 10 red and 10 blue balls. A blindfolded woman selects
balls at random, without replacement.
(a) How many balls must she select to
be sure of getting at least 3 balls of the same colour?
we have 2 colours, red and blue
these are our pigeon holes
at least one pigeon hole must have at least 3 pigeons (coloured balls!)
using the generalised pigeon hole principle
n/k = 3
where n is the smallest number of pigeons required
where k is the number of pigeon holes
n/2 = 3
 n = 5
note, we were not constrained by the number of balls!

12. exercise
A bowl contains 10 red and 10 blue balls. A blindfolded woman selects
balls at random, without replacement.
(b) How many balls must she select to be sure of getting at least 3
blue balls?

13. exercise
A bowl contains 10 red and 10 blue balls. A blindfolded woman selects
balls at random, without replacement.
(b) How many balls must she select to be sure of getting at least 3
blue balls?
again, the colours correspond to our pigeon holes
we have 2 pigeonholes
she could select 10 red balls one after the other
so she would then need to select 3 more
therefore she must select 13 to be sure of getting 3 blue balls!
Note: in this case it did matter that we started with 10 of each colour

14. fin