1. Unit
Revolution and Reform

2. Conceptual History
Historical Significance- change? revealing of contemporary issues?
Cause and Consequences- why did the revolutions occur? Intended and Unintended Consequences? Long-standing issues that still exist?
Continuity and Change- current? long dead issues? New issues that have arisen or re-emerged?

4. Revolution What Revolutions do we know of? Why?
What are the characteristics of a Revolution?
What are the usual intended consequences? What have been some results of known revolutions?

5. Revolutions and Rebellions
1800- Uprisings throughout the Ottoman Empire
1802- Haitian Revolution
1803- Irish Rebellions throughout newly annexed Ireland
1812- Luddites
1819- English Revolutionaries- Suffrage
1820’s- Simon Bolivar- South America, Greek Independence, Italian Rebellions

6. Revolutions and Rebellions
1830’s- Revolutions in German states, Italian States, Polish uprisings against Russians, French Revolution, French revolt in Canada, Chinese Rebellions against the British
1848- Year of Revolution
Crimean War, subsequent revolts in eastern Europe
1859- Italian War of Independence, Revolts in Parma, Modena, Tuscany
1860’s- American Civil War, Canada becomes a nation, Maori Rebellions
Do you get my point...

7. Crisis of the French Monarchy
What was common for both Western and Eastern European Monarchies between and 1789?
How can we summarize the crisis of the monarchy using this source?
Page 626- Kagan

8. Crisis of the French Monarchy
French debt, the parlements, and lack of fortitude (Louis XV and Louis XVI)
The parlements used the enlightenment language (liberty, rights) and reason (as they saw it) to argue for a rollback of their previous power (Before Louis XIV)
Taxes, taxes and taxes- the aristocracy refused any reform that put taxes on them or removed traditional orders of land (Corvee)
The argument- the aristocracy had the right to refuse any new taxation- only “the people” could make the tax legitimate (nobles, not average people)
Louis XVI called the Estates-General (hadn’t met since 1614)

10. History and the Revolution
Historians have studied and assessed the French Revolution and have come to basically 3 differing “schools”
Pages
Identify and summarize each of the “schools” of thought.

11. The Estates-General
The Estate system- each order was allowed to send representatives from their province-
First Estate- The Clergy
Second Estate- The Nobility
Third Estate- Everyone else- as for the Estates General- the representatives were almost exclusively from the wealthy commercial and professional middle classes
Do they share any concerns? What are their major disagreements?
“is it clear that they (third estate) would not permit the monarchy and the aristocracy to decide the future of the nation?”

12. The Estates General
There is debate over organization and voting, concern over voting by head or by order.
The Third Estate concerns- voting, increasing their numbers- Liberal nobles and clergy members- how would they vote?
The National Assembly is created- symbolic gesture- third estate plus some clergy members sat as a separate bloc.
The Cahiers- Question #2